ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT 


Epitep sy F. LL. GRIFFITH. 
TENTH MEMOIR 


BY 


OS Kor N. ve G. DAVIES. 


—— 


THIRTY-FOUR PLATES AND FRONTISPIECE 


— 


SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND 


Biel 


Beas | LONDON 
ry SOLD AT 
ie Tae ‘OFFICES ae THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Guest Russevt Streer, W.C. 
4 anp 59, Tempte Street, Boston, Mass., U.S. A. 
see “BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., PATERNOSTER House, Crarinc Cross Roap, W.C. 
zr QUARITCH, ‘15, Precdons#, W.; ASHER & Co., 2, BEDFORD Great, Covent Garpven, W.C. 


~ 
— 


1901 


"ee 


DUKE 
UNIVERSITY 


LIBRARY 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 


¥ — in 2022 with funding from ee 
Duke University Libraries ao. 


https://archive. org/detalls rockin eal 


THE 


ROCK TOMBS OF SHEIKH SAID 


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Lilian L. Davies del. 


REAPER. 


Bas-relief—Tomb of Urarna. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT 


Eotrex ay F. Lt. GRIF ETH. 


TENTH MEMOIR 


THE 


ROCK TOMBS OF SHEIKH SAID 


BY 


N. pE G. DAVIES. 
THIRTY-FOUR PLATES AND FRONTISPIECE 


SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND 


LONDON 
SOLD AT 
Tue OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Great Russect Srreet, W.C. 
AnD 59, TempLe Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 
AND By KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., PateRNosTER House, CHARING Cross Roap, W.C. 
B, QUARITCH, 15, Piccapinry, W.; ASHER & Co., 13, Beprorp Street. Covert Garpey, W.C, 


1901 


LONDON 
ST. JOHN’S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL. 


PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, 


2 


BGYE'Ls BXPLORATION “FUND. 


e 


President. 
SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F-.R.S. 


Vice=Presidents, 
Sm E. Mavnpe-Tuompson, K.C.B., D.C.L., | Tae Hon. Cas. L. Hutcuinson (U.S.A_). 
LL.D. | Pror. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (France). 
Lr.-GENERAL Sir Francis GRENFELL, G.C.M.G., | prop Ap Erman, Ph.D. (Germany) 
G.C.B. : Xa as : 


: 
_Josian Mutuens, Esq. (Australia). 
nor. A. H: M.A., LL.D. : 

OS at alae ae _M. Cuartes Hentscu (Switzerland). 


THe: Rey. W. C. Winstow, D.D., D.C.L. 


(U.S.A.). 
ton. Treasurers, 
H. A. Grueser, Esq., F.S.A. F. C. Foster, Esq. (Boston, U.S.A.). 
on. Secretaries, 
J. S. Corton, Esq., M.A. Tue Rev. W. C. Wiystow, D.D., D.C.L. (Boston, U.S.A.). 
Members of Committee. 
fie avers Wsq., MoAc. KC. Vibe: THe Rev. W. MacGrecor, M.A. 
Miss M. Broprick, Ph.D. (for Boston). A. S. Murray, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A. 
Mrs. Buckman (for Pittsburg). THe Marquess oF NORTHAMPTON. 
Masor E. B. Cassarr, B.A. (for Philadelphia). | Francis Wa. PErcivat, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. 
Somers Cuarke, Esq., F.S.A. | F. G. Hinton Price, Esq., Dir.S.A. 
W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A. Mrs. Trrarp. 
Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A. (for Chicago). Tae Rev. H. G. Tomgins, M.A. 
ArtTHur Joun Evans, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. | Emanuet M. Unperpown, Esq., K.C. 
F. Lu. GrirritH, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. | Srr Hermann Weser, M.D. 
Mrs. F, Lu. Grirrita. E. Towry Wayts, Esq., F.S.A. 
T. Farmer Hatt, Esq. Masor-GENERAL SiR CuHartes W. WILson, 


F. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., Litt.D. 
Mrs. McCtore. 


K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. 


SS 


ITVY 


PREHFACH. 


—————— — > — 


Tuts record of the dilapidated monuments of Sheikh Said has had the benefit of 
independent testimony to an unusual degree. Not only the copies of the scenes 
and inscriptions published by Lepsius and Prisse, but also very accurate and com- 
plete notes of the inscriptions made by Mr. Percy Newberry for the Archaeological 
Survey in 1892-3 were collated with the originals; so that the readings which 
have been adopted are either’ established by two or three witnesses, or, in the 
comparatively few cases where they diverge from previous copies, have been subjected 
to searching examination. All the plans of separate tombs in the volume have 
been copied from Mr. John Newberry’s excellent plans, which were measured and 
fully drawn by him on the spot in 1892. In preparing them for the lithographer 
I have added the results of slight additional clearances which I made. The same 
is also to be said of Plates ix. and x., which are based on drawings by Mr. 
Howard Carter. My thanks are also due to my sister, Miss Lilian Davies, for two 
careful copies from squeezes of reliefs in the tomb of Urarna (Frontispiece and 
Plate vili.). Finally, every page has benefited, often very substantially, by the 
counsel and criticism of the Editor, whose help has been given so frequently and 


in so many ways as to preclude any complete acknowledgment of it. 


N. pE.GARIS DAVIES. 


PREFACE 


CON ae Ee Nl S. 


List oF THE PLATES . 


I.—IntropuctTIon. 


1 


2 
5) 
4 


. The district in ancient times 
. The situation of the Necropolis . 
. Its monuments and antiquities 


. Complete list of the tombs . 


IIl.—Tue Larcer Tomes. 


1. Previous work on the site . 


2. Tomb of Serfka(?), father of Urarna. 


10. 
Lt, 


3 
4 
5 
6. 
@ 
8. 
9. Tomb No. 6 


No. 39 
No. 37 


Urarna. (No. 25) 
Meru. (No.20) 
Uau. (No. 19) 
Henent. (No. 18) 
Imhetep. (No. 15) 
Hepa. (No. 22) 


12. The Commemorative Inscriptions 


IlL.—Tun. Srory or tuE NECROPOLIS. 


INDEX 


aS bw bv 


PLATE 


ili.— vl. 
vll.—XVI1. 
Say a Oar 

NO da=5-6"h 
-SSilllg SOA y O41 
exCV Ml — wo 
MV, XK. 
NOO-dily 

XXX. 


XXXIV. 


ES Om EH Pia nS 


WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED. 

PLATE PAGE 
Frontispiece. Reaper—Tomb of Urarna. (L.L.D.) . 22 
I. General Survey of the Necropolis. (J. N. and N. D. 2-9 

II. Uninseribed Tombs. (N. D.) 2-9 

ii Lomi ot Serika* (2), — Plans. (eN-) 10-12 
Le ce We walle “(No Ds.) 12,138 

NE Ks sd CNenalitys (ON. De) 12-14 
[Figure of Meru] 24 

Ole as Fragments. (N. D.) ee h2 
Vil Yomb of Urarna.” (Plans, \(JaN.) 14-17 
VALEL: 5 - Sheep treading in the seed. (L. L. D.) 20, 21 
LX i S. wall (left half).. (H.C.) Le Ls 
Ds : » (completion). (H. C.) 17, 18 

Dalle 3 N. wall (left portion). (N. D.) 23 
CED E » (completion). (N. D.) 23, 24 
LL. a Fragments. (N. D.) 15, 16, 28 
XIV. ‘ Coptic Paintings. (N. D.) ire 
ANS 55 W. wall (Figure of Urarna). (N. D.). 19 
XVI. be (Harvest scenes). (N.D.) 18-23 
XVII.* Fragments, plans of dwellings, &c. (N. D.) . 4, 12, 16 
XVIII. Tomb of Meru. Plans. (J. N.) 24, 25 
XS - W. wall. (N. D.) 25, 26 
BOG 2 Se walle (CN. D:) 26 
XXI.* Tombs of Meru and Uau. E. walls. (J.N. and N.D.) . 26, 29, 88 
XXII. Tombs of Uau and Henent. Plans. (J.N.) 28, 30 
XXIIL.* Tomb of Uau. False door. (J.N. and N.D.) 28 
RAT: Gs Fragments. (N.D.). 29 


* Styled in the Plates ‘'Tomb of Urarna IL.” 2 Styled in the Plates ‘“‘ Tomb of Urarna II.” 


xii LIST OF THE PLATES. 


PLATE F Fj 
XXV.* Tomb of Henent. False door. (J.N. and N. LC ae 
XXVI. - List of offerings. (N.D.) . 
XXVIII. Tombs of Imhetep and Hepa. Plans. (J. N.) 
XXVIII.* Tomb of Imhetep. False door. (J.N. and N.D.) .. k 
XXIX. s W. wall (S. half), and fragments. (N. D.) 
KXxX* i Stela of Bekhent, &. (N.D.) . . | 


XXXI. Tomb of Hepa. Bas-Reliefs. (N. D.) 
XXXII. Tombs 3, 6 and 14. Plans. (J. N_) 
XXXII. Tomb 39. Plans. (J.N.) 

XXXIV. Tomb 37. Plans. (J.N.) 


Drawings to scale are indicated by an asterisk. All other plates have been reproduced from full-sized tr 
or squeezes. 


ELE 


ROCK TOMBS OF SHEIKH SAID. 


LENE ROD DG TION: 


1. Tue District in ANCIENT ‘TIMES, 


Tue cliffs of Sheikh Said, on the eastern bank 
of the Nile opposite the town of Melléwi-el- 
Arish and about 180 miles south of Cairo, were 
chosen in very early times as one of the chief 
places of burial for persons of importance in 
the district. The site lay but a short distance 
above the capital of the Hare Nome, the 
position of which is still marked by extensive 
mounds a few miles north-west of Mellawi, 
while its Egyptian name survives in that of the 
This 
Arabie name signifies “The two Shmuns,” 
Shmun (suoviu) being the Coptic form of its 


village which has replaced it, Eshmunén. 


ates Khemennu.' 
This town was throughout Egyptian history 
the chief seat of the god Thoth in Upper 
Egypt; whence arose the name Hermopolis, by 
which it was best known to the Greeks. The 
importance of the city was no doubt largely 


due to the reputation of its temple; it or its 


ancient Egyptian name 


sacred precincts are often referred to as Per- 


' The city, perhaps, in later days was composed of two 
distinct parts, 


Zehuti, and once in a tomb at Sheikh Said 
as Het Abet, the “ House of the Net,” a name 
the explanation of which must be sought in 
mythology. 

Few definite assertions can be made regard- 
ing even this centre of religious and political 
influence. The data which have been gathered 
from the necropolis of El Bersheh, and pub- 
lished in two previous volumes of the Archaeo- 
logical Survey, are rich in general evidence 
regarding the organization of the Nome and 
the ideals of its rulers in the days of the 
Middle Kingdom, and they will assuredly gain 
in vividness and positive value with every 
advance of Egyptology. There is very little of 
later date which throws back any light on the 
age with which we are here concerned, for the 
drama which was played within the borders of 
the Nome under King Akhenaten had no genetic 
connection with the life of the province; nor 
do we know the extent of the influence which 
it exerted on life and worship in Khemennu. 
The stela of Piankhy shows that the capital 
was a strongly fortified town in the XXIVth 
Dynasty, and suffered the cruel fate of such 
cities in the wars of that time, when its ruler, 
who assumed the title of king of the province, 

; . = 


) INTRODUCTION. 


took arms against the Ethiopian invader. The 
portico of the magnificent temple still stood at 
the beginning of last century to bear witness to 
the long and probably unbroken religious 
history of Khemennu; but it has long since 
fallen a sacrifice to the demand for building 
material. Robert Hay, on his first visit to the 
site, made a drawing of the portico, supported 
by eleven gigantic columns. Shortly after, in 
his diary under the date of April 24, 1826, 
how he all 
prostrate, and men and camels busily employed 


he mournfully records found 
in removing the débris.’ 

For the history of the Nome during the whole 
of the Ancient Kingdom almost our only source 
lies in the tombs of Sheikh Said, for any 
information that may yet be gleaned from the 
mounds of Eshmunén is not likely to relate to 
the early periods. There exists, indeed, at 
El Bersheh a series of tombs which seem 
anterior to the main group (Hl Bersheh IL, 
Report by Geo. Fraser), and which very likely 
belong to the period which links the Old to the 
But they are of little 
account, having preserved for us no more than 
a few hieroglyphs and names. The value 
which accrues even to the gleanings of so scanty 
a harvest is ample justification for the work at 
Sheikh Said, of which the present publication 
is the record. . 


Middle Kingdom. 


2. SITUATION OF THE NECROPOLIS. 


South of the Delta the Arabian mountain 
field presses so hard upon the river as to leave 
little space for cultivation anywhere upon the 
eastern bank. Opposite Eshmunén there is 
rather more than the average breadth of sandy 
waste and irrigated soil between the foot of the 
mountains and the 


river. But immediately 


? Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 31,054, fo. 117. 
to Mr. Griffith for this interesting reference, 


I am indebted 


south of the little village of El Bersheh an 
outlying range interposes between the main 
mass and the Nile, its steep western face running 
so close to the banks of the river for some 
distance as scarcely to leave room for a track at 
its foot. Further south, near the domed tomb 
of the Sheikh Said,’ a Muslim saint from whom 
the heights derive their name, the hills begin 
to fall back again to the main field and give 
space for the great plain of Tell-el-Amarna. 
The outlying range is cut across by the Wady 
Zebaida, so-called from the ruined chapel of a 
sainted Muhammedan lady, which stands just at 
its mouth above the river bank. It is in this 
vicinity that the most interesting monuments 
On the south of the wady, 
above the chapel of Zebaida, there is a boundary 
stela of Akhenaten, while along the cliffs to the 
north of it is the group of tombs which forms 
the subject of the present memoir. The moun- 
tains attain a height of more than 300 feet 
above the tombs of Sheikh Said.*. South of the 
wady this elevation becomes imposing, as the 
range there descends to the river’s edge in an 
almost precipitous face. 


are to be found. 


3. Toe MonumMENTS AND ANTIQUITIES. 


The tombs of Sheikh Said lie about a mile 
south of the village of El Bersheh, and the 
visitor who approaches them from this direc- 
tion will soon descry dark entrances here and 
there in the cliff face. Those, however, that 
lie to the north of the side valley known as the 
Wady el Gamis are devoid of interest, as are 


* See Arch. Report of the H.K.F. (1892-3). 

’ By this must be understood the clearly detached group 
to the north of the wady, which is dealt with in detail in 
this volume. The name Sheikh Said would, with more 
strictness, apply to the ruined tombs near the Sheikh’s 
weli. Nestor de |’Hote and Prisse call the group the 
tombs of Bersheh, but this name is now assigned to the 
M.K. tombs in the Wady Deir en Nakhleh, 


THE MONUMENTS AND ANTIQUITIES. 


other scattered tombs of the range. Shortly 
after this point is passed the most northerly 
tombs of the group are sighted, for 
account of their ruined condition they are visible 


on 


from a distance as a succession of large caves 
in the white cliff. The track which leads up 
to them ascends a steep spur, on the rocky 
summit of which two tiny rock tombs will be 
passed. With these commences the numbered 
series.' Immediately afterwards the large four- 
chambered Tomb No. 3 shows as a great grotto 
in the heart of the mountain, its front wall having 
been destroyed by the weathering of the cliff 
face. ‘The path keeps close under the cliff and 
passes a series of more or less shattered tombs, 
of which only No. 6 retains traces of decora- 
tion.” At Tomb 11 a lower ledge of rock crops 
out, round which the path deviates. The cliff, 
however, may be followed a little further, and 
here Tomb 14 is reached, which consists solely 
of a recessed facade, the interior never having 
been hewn out (PI. xxxii.). Opposite Tomb 13 
are remains of a brick dwelling (?) which was 
constructed here at a late date. In the 
secondary ledge round which the path leads the 
inscribed tomb of the Governor Imhetep has 
been hewn, as well as two smaller burial places. 
The path now descends a slope of loose stones, 
and the visitor who follows it may easily miss 
Tomb 18, which is next in sequence; for it is 
hewn so boldly in the cliff above his head, that, 
though conspicuous at a distance, it readily 
escapes the notice of the passer-by. It can 
only be reached by clambering up an almost 
perpendicular face, in which rough steps are 
hewn. Not only is the position commanding, 
but the tomb is of imposing dimensions, The 
lady Henent and her husband, the Governor 


' Mr. Newberry numbered the tombs of the lower range, | 


in most cases painting the figures inside the doorways. I 


have kept to his numbers as far as Tomb 34. 


* For references to plates and to description of inscribed | 


tombs, see List of Tombs, p. 6. 


3 


Meru (?), were buried here. From the terrace 
outside the summit of the cliff can be gained, 
and here (a little to the south) the facade of 
an unfinished (?) tomb will be found (18a). 
The track below soon returns to the cliff, which 
here towers high overhead. A doorway, which 
shows dark against the white face, is the entrance 
to the tomb of Prince Uau (No. 19). 
bour Meru, whose tomb succeeds, was not so bold 
in the construction of his sepulchre, but placed 
it in a lower ledge of rock, the face of which 
has yielded to the long attack of time. Above, 
two smaller tombs are hewn in the cliff proper, 
the more southerly of which (No. 22) contains 
bas-reliefs of Hepa, an official connected with 


His neigh- 


the royal gardens. 

At this point the high cliff gives place to a 
steep slope. Both at the summit and at the 
foot of this incline are faces of rock suitable for 
the excavation of rock-chambers. In the former 
are hewn the tombs of the Upper Range (40-89. 
See Plate u.), all of them small, most of them 
shattered, and none bearing so much as a 
fragment of inscription. They are so crowded 
together in the limited space available that 
some are now nearly inaccessible. The Lower 
Range is on the level of the path which has 
been hitherto followed, and contains first in 
order to the north the double-chambered tomb 
(No. 24) of the “leader of the land of Un,” 
Serf-Ka (?).° 
it by a continuous wall-face, is the tomb of 
his son, Urarna, who held similar rank and was 
a priest of King Ne-user-ra of the Vth Dynasty. 
The excellence of its surviving sculptures gives 
it easy pre-eminence among the tombs of the 
group. Further to the south along the same 
terrace lie Tombs 26 to 34, all of them un- 
In the rocky slope above them, 


Adjoining it, and connected with 


inscribed, 
midway between the Upper and Lower Ranges, 
a few tombs have been constructed, two of which 


* Styled in the plates ‘“ Tomb of Urarna I.” 
B 2 


4 INTRODUCTION. 


are large and of interest, though devoid of early 
records. One (No. 37)! is remarkable for its 
proportions and the type of columns which were 
designed to support its roof. The other (No. 39) * 
has lost all resemblance to an ancient Egyptian 
tomb, having been turned into a place of residence 
or assembly by early Copts. 

A few words may fitly be devoted here to 
the evidences of this later use of the necropolis. 
That the inhabitants were Copts may be con- 
jectured from graffiti here and there, and from 
the extensive decorations in the tomb of Urarna; 
but the concealment or destruction of these 
in their turn points either to two periods of 
occupation or to two classes of inhabitants. Out- 
side many of the tombs are the débris of mud- 
brick dwellings. These remains are especially 
noticeable opposite the tomb of Urarna, where 
I cleared a small house or chamber (Plate xvii.), 
built of mud-brick and having mud-plastered 
walls. The divan and niche which are so pro- 
The 
house being built on a slope, the steps probably 
Four feet of the 
It had been used 
The 


practice of converting a tomb into a dwelling or 


minent in Tomb 39 are found here also. 


led up to a back entrance. 
height of the walls remain. 
later as a convenient place of burial. 


using it as an annexe, which is so strikingly 
shown in Tomb 39, is also seen in the case of 
Tombs 61 and 62 (Plate xvii.), where the two 
have been connected by an exterior apartment 
into which they both opened. Here again the 
dwelling is seen to be something far removed 
from the comfortless home of an anchorite or 
outlaw. The entrance into Tomb 62 has been 
widened to admit the light, a dais constructed, 
and brickwork neatly plastered built into the 
doorways, while the outer room was furnished 
with a solid plaster pavement, which near the 
entrance seems to have been formed of rect- 
angular slabs. That this space was part of 


1 Numbered 39 within. 2 Numbered 37 within. 


the dwelling itself may be judged from the 
neat place of concealment constructed in the 
pavement and fitted to receive a lid. A jar has 
been sunk to the lip close by to serve the 
same end. Interesting evidence of date was 
secured by a pottery jar and some broken green 
glass found among the débris, both of which 
Professor Petrie assigns to the 4th century a.D. 
Thick layers of the leaves of Cordia mywxa?* 
were also found among the ruins of these brick 
buildings; possibly they had been used for 
bedding. 

By following the track which leads past 
Tomb 34, a SourHERN Group of tombs is reached 
on the farther side of a small quarry or quarried 
chamber. There are four (90—93) on this level 
and nine others (94—102) lower down the hill 
(Plate ii.). They are uninscribed, and the 
descriptive notices given in the appended list 
will suffice. 

Another small necropolis of late date will be 
found to the south-east of the southern group, 
over the crest of the hill and beyond a water- 
course which descends to the wady. A small 
knoll of rock is covered with graves so crowded 
together as to leave no space between and often 
to break into or run under one another. The 
type is simply the imitation in a rock-site of 
the interment of a sarcophagus in soft ground. 
A very shallow pit, which is given the size and 
outline either of a rectangular sarcophagus, or 
of one shaped to the human form, is sunk in 
the rock, and in its walls a groove or ledge is 
fashioned at the proper height on which to rest 
astonelid. The tomb thus exactly represents a 
buried sarcophagus. Sometimes there is a side 
recess within the sarcophagus, to admit of two 
bodies lying side by side. In one case the 
grave represents two coffins superimposed. All 
have been broken and rifled, apparently very 
recently. Several instances of pit-tombs occur 


* Identified by Mr. P. Newberry. 


THE MONUMENTS AND ANTIQUITIES. oy) 


here; if earlier than the others they have 
been re-used, for in one case a sarcophagus has 
been hewn out of the chamber floor and provided 
with a lid. The pit may also have been closed 
by a slab. There is another pit-tomb and a 
rock chamber in the vicinity. 

Of what date are the uninscribed tombs at 
Sheikh Said? Those who have worked in rock 
cemeteries have so rarely thought it worth 
while to describe the lesser tombs, that there 
are not sufficient data available for a judgment. 
The smaller tombs here correspond so little to 
our conceptions of Old Kingdom architecture, 
and are in such ruin and confusion, that it is 
easy to assign them to a degenerate age. But 
the larger tombs of the necropolis being what 
they are, the poorer sepulchres might easily be 
as insignificant and rude as this; and the 
presumption is that the smaller neighbours of 
inscribed tombs belong to the same period, and 
often to the same households. 

If, as would be natural, after the cliff face 
had been worked to its north extremity, the 
‘upper terraces were selected as the most safe 
and convenient site, this would bring Tombs 
40—89 into the decadent period of the VIIth 
and succeeding Dynasties, when a degraded type 
of tomb might be expected. In the upper 
range the later oblong burial shaft replaces the 
earlier square type. 
wells outside these tombs does not conflict with 
this. 
tomb—which is scattered here and there over 
the mountain, interfering constantly with others 
(anterior to Tomb 37, see p. 38). 
inclined to regard this type as the earliest in 
the necropolis (14a, 27?, 37a, b, c, 45, 58, 88). 
It consists of a square shaft a few feet deep, out 
of one side of which a small low vault opens. 
If the Upper Range were vastly later in date 
than the Lower, a greater divergency in type 
might have been looked for, and as the question 
is often complicated by the subsequent re-use 
and alteration of ancient tombs, a more definite 


The occurrence of square 


They belong to a separate type—the pit- 


I am 


judgement must be reserved. The separate site 
of the Southern Group (90—102) and the 
presence of broken pottery of Roman date 
round Tomb 102, suggest that these tombs are 
of late date. The type is much the same, but 
it must be remembered that rock tombs of the 
simpler sort do not admit of very varied forms. 
Perhaps the square niches so often found within 
and without the chambers once held inscribed 
slabs. This would account for the lack of 
inscriptions elsewhere in these tombs. 

To the south-west of the Southern Group, on 
the last slopes of the hills towards the mouth of 
the wady, a pile of stone débris, drill cores and 
grinders, marks the site of a small settlement of 
workers in stone and alabaster. As the wady 
leads to the alabaster quarries of Het-nub, the 
presence of these relics is not surprising. 

At the foot of the hills, and running roughly 
parallel with the river, is an ancient brick wall, 
whose course may be traced for nearly 300 
yards. It does not form a perfectly straight 
line, but winds slightly to avoid the crests of 
the rock knolls. In the middle of this length a 
portion 26 ft. long, 13 ft. 6 in. high, and 5 ft. 3 in. 
broad, remains. Its sides have a very slight 
batter. 
of defence against the Bedawin, to whom the 
wady afforded exceptional cover down to the 
very banks of the river. 
elsewhere in similar situations to the north and 
south (Murray’s Guide, passim), and bear the 
name Gisr el Agitz, “Dyke of the Old Man,” 
perhaps because the Arabs see how ill-fitted 
they are to serve as dams. The size of the 
bricks (104 x 3 x 5 inches) ' may give the clue 
to the age of the construction. 

A local fellah, fearing I was about to discover 


The wall appears to have been a means 


Such walls are found 


a secret long treasured by him, guided me to 
what proved to be a hitherto unknown boundary 
stela of Akhenaten, which in all probability 


' Mr. J. Newberry. 


6 INTRODUCTION. 


marks the point where the limit of the sacred 
territory passed over to the other side of the 
Nile. The new stela is situated at the mouth 
of the wady, on its south side, facing the river 
and almost at the summit of the cliff. It 
is reached by ascending the shoulder of the 
mountain from near the chapel of Zebaida, 
and though visible from the river is somewhat 
hard to find when close at hand. The rock 
unfortunately is so disastrously weathered that 
but little of the inscription is completely 
legible. The stela is of the usual form with 
rounded top, the slanting rock having been cut 
back to give it a more upright face. The Aten 
disk sends down its rays upon the king, queen, 
and princess Mertaten, who stand in adoration 
on the left, and upon offerings which are heaped 
on the right. In the centre before the king 
are 2] vertical columns of inscription (right to 
left). Above are cartouches, &c. The lower part 
of the stela was occupied by the rest of the 
inscription in horizontal lines; parts of 55 
lines remain, several others having probably 
been lost. Such phrases as can be deciphered 
seem to make it certain that the text is not 
that which, mutatis mutandis, most of the others 
follow, but is closely akin to that of the stela 
figured in L. D. 11. 110). The stela of Sheikh 
Said is probably the most northern on the east 
bank, while the former is one of the most 
southern. Possibly therefore the boundary 
stones at the four corners of the territory were 
inscribed differently from the rest. The inscrip- 
tion on the newly-discovered stela seems to have 


contained references otherwise unknown and of | 
great interest, including perhaps a statement of | 


| 


the imposts by which the worship of the Sacred | 
Disk in Akhetaten was to be maintained. The | 
state of the monument and of its fellow to the | 


south, however, is such that it is only by careful | 


study and comparison of both upon the spot 


that a text worthy of publication can be 


secured. 
The cliffs to the south of the wady contain 


ancient quarries which extend far underground. 
The quarrymen still work the hillside for build- 
ing stone, shattering the tombs or burying them 
in débris. A hasty examination did not disclose 
any trace of inscription in those that remain, 
and it would be rash to assign a date to such 
ruins.. The falls of rock here often disclose 
interments in shallow pits, belonging to the 
early centuries of the Christian era, and 
occasionally yielding the plaster masks for the 
face and bust which are characteristic of the 
period in this district. 


4.” Lasr or Tomes. 


A. Left rough or slightly smoothed 
round the doorway. 

Plain facade with lintel band 
above, e.g. Tomb 39, Plate 


XXXIll. 


Hxterior. 


B. 


Facade with recessed jambs and 
lintel band (e.g. Tomb 15, 
Plate xxvii.). 

The same, with second lintel 
baud extending across the 
whole facade (e.g. Tomb 18, 
Plate xxii.). 


A lintel within the doorway is indicated by * 
if square in section, by f if rounded. 


Interior. a. 


b. 


Simple chamber. 
Square or oblong pit with vault 
below. 
c. Shallow pit in the floor. 
d. Gallery or recess hewn in the 


rock wall. 


e. False door. 


' Knowing that Mr. P. Newberry made a careful search 
for inscriptions throughout this neighbourhood in 1892, I 
confined my work to the compact group of tombs between 
the two wadys. 


LIST OF TOMBS. 


Unless otherwise stated, the facade is under- 


stood to have a slight batter; in the case of | 
recessed jambs, it is slighter than that of the | 
Where the natural slope of rock was 


outer face. 


not steep enough it was cut back, leaving the 


facade in a recess. 


TONE. sienifies a height 


less than four feet. 


Lower Rance (from N. to 8.). 


TYPE 


1. Ac 
ee Na, 
3. be 
A* 
at che 
6. Abde 
i. Oe 
See 
9 d 
hosed 
felis eh 
Ln ed 
13. Aa 
tae 2D) 
14a. 
140. 
1s.) (C7be 
LiGe Wei 
te BE 


Upright fagade. Low. Pit prob- 
ably shallow. 

Low. Niche in back wall. 

Four-chambered tomb. See Plate 
Xxx. and p. 43. 

Unfinished within. 

Unfinished. 

Two-chambered tomb. See Plate 
Xxxii. and p. 35. 

Front gone. Above ground level. 
Niche on N.E. Five feet high. 

Front gone. Unfinished or altered. 
Semicircular niche in W. wall. 

Gallery on 8. 

Low. 


Gallery on N. Un- 


Front gone. 

Front gone. 

Front gone. 
cleared. 

Front gone. Low. 

Very rough. A rude bench of 
rock at the back. Five feet 
high. 

Facade only. See Plate xxxii. 

Pit-tomb. Six or seven feet deep. 

A gallery. Apparently almost 
wholly occupied bya pit. Un- 
cleared. 

Two-chambered tomb of Imhetep. 
See Plates xxvil. to xxx. and 
pp. 31-34. 

Front gone. Niche in HK, wall. 
Rough. 

Above ground level. 


Unfinished ? 


Small and 


low. 


WS; 


18a. 


bo bo 
= 


30, 


31. 


33, 


TYPE 


D*be 


B 


Ctbe 


Che 


Abd 


“I 


Tomb of Henent. See Plates 
Tei, xy, ane xxv, and 
pp. 30, 31. 

Facade only. Shallow square 
niche instead of doorway. 

Three-chambered tomb of Uau. 
See Plates xxi. to xxiv. and 
pp. 27-29. 

Four-chambered tomb of Meru. 
See Plates xviii. 
pp. 24-27. 

Smooth facade. Mud-plastered 
walls. Recess on W. Niches 
on W. and E. Gallery on S. 
Nearly 6 Well 
uncleared. 

Tomb of Hepa. See Plates xxvii. 


to xxi. and 


feet high. 


and xxxi. and p. 34. 

Front gone. Uncleared. 

Two-chambered tomb of the father 
of Urarna. See Plates ili.—vi. 
and pp. 10-14. 

Three-chambered tomb of Urarna. 
See Plates vii. to xvi., and 
pp. 14-24. 

Rough 
altered. 

Perhaps originally a pit-tomb and 
vault entered from above. Now 
has entrances on W., and from 
Tomb 26. 

Small. Uncleared. 

Low. The end of the 
gallery expands into a tiny 


chamber, now much 


north 


chamber. 
Small and low. Coptic crosses 
on facade. 
Door-sill four feet six inches above 
ground level. Irregular within. 


Four feet high. 


A*orBfa The same, but lower in height and 


Aa 


nearer the ground. 


Unfinished. Above ground level. 


8 INTRODUCTION. 


Small. Sill 23 feet from the 
ground. Niche at the back. 


ao. Pit tomb? Uncleared. 

36. A Small. Uncleared. 

37. Cfd  Two-chambered tomb. See Plate | 
Xxxiv. and pp. 37, 38. 

37a,b,¢. Three pit-tombs. 

$Gy dle Smoothed facade. Rebate round 
door outside. Somewhat large 
chamber, but rough. Floor 
uncleared. 

a9) ab Coptic dwelling. See Plate 


XXxill. and p. 36. 


Urrer Rance (from N. to 8.) 


40. Ace The facade is smoothed, and on 
the right hand of the doorway 
are traces of an incised figure. 
Small, low, and irregular 
within. The pit is 3 feet 
square and 2 feet 6 inches 
deep. Outside to the left is a 
tiny uninscribed false door, 
facing south, with a small table 
for offerings in front. 

41, A mere niche. 

42,  C*e Small and low. Pit uncleared. 

43. B*a Low. 

44, ? Broken down. Uncleared. 

45, Pit-tomb ? Uncleared. 

46. Now only a niche. 

47: AF Smoothed facade. Four feet high. 


Pit partly filled. 
A8, A niche. 


Broken down. Uncleared. 


Immediately beneath the above are— 


50, A niche in the cliff face,—perhaps 
an unfinished or ruined tomb. 

5t. “Bra Low. Unfinished. 

oa: Front gone. Uncleared. 

io Uncleared. 


| Ta, b,c. ? 


TYPE 


Low. Niche in back wall. There 


54. Ad 
may be a pit. 

55. Aa? Low and irregular. Uncleared. 
Dip DAG Niche in back wall. Opening 
into tomb 57. 

57. . Pit-tomb about 6 feet deep. 

58. Pit-tomb. Opening into tomb 60, 

DUS ee A low gallery which may not be 
a separate tomb. Niche in 
back (8.) wall. 

G0; Broken down. Uncleared. 


Below these are — 


Glee oe 
622 VG? de 


Low, but deeper in the centre. 
Six feet high. Uninscribed false 
door on W. The two tombs 
were connected by a court to 
form a Coptic (?) dwelling. See 
p. 4. 
Further to the South are— 
63, 64. d 
65, 66, 67. (?) Broken-down, irregular chambers. 
68. A Uncleared. 


69. Acde 5 feet 6 inches high. A carefully- 
fashioned niche, with rebate all 


Mere galleries at a high level. 


round it, occupies the middle 
of the back wall. 
false door on W. A gallery 
runs to the 8. beneath floor 
level and expands 
chamber on the E. 

The present floor is deep below 
the sill, having been lowered 
so that thé chamber of the 
original pit is now a recess in 
the W. wall. 

These were three separate tombs, 
a and b being at a higher level 
and c under ). The floor of a 
was lowered and a door broken 
into tomb 70. The three tombs 
were then thrown into one, so 


Remains of 


into a 


Ad? 


LIST 
TYPE 
as to give a very irregular 
chamber more than 9 feet high. 
The door of a became a window, 
its gallery arecess high up, and 
the doors of ) and c, being 
became a 


thrown into one, 


doorway 6 feet high. Semi- 
the 


suggest that it was altered for 


circular niches in walls 
use as a dwelling. 
Small and low. 


vault below which is confused 


The pit has a 


with a lower tomb. 

Small and uncleared. 

Irregular. Uncleared. 

Now an unroofed chamber (a 
pit ?) from the 8. end of which 
a long gallery runs. 

Well shaped but partially broken 
down. 


1¢. Broken down. Uncleared. 


Above these lie (N. to 8.)— 


Uncleared. 
Well un- 
feet 


Broken down. 

Partly broken down. 
cleared. Rough. Four 
high. 

Front broken. 
within, tombs 
probably been united to form 


About 5 feet high. 


two having 
a dwelling. 
The two pits open out in two 
directions at a depth of 7 feet. 


OF TOMBS. 


ig ” 7 ry? . . | 
Very irregular 


ie) 


TYPE 
. These vaults connect with 
one another and with that of 
Tomb 75. 
Sl. Aa Small and low. 


82,83, 84.Aa? Mere doorways of 
tombs. 


unfinished 


On a lower level at the middle of the range 


are— 
85,°86. ? Rough. Uncleared. 
87. An uncleared gallery. 
88. A pit-tomb? Uncleared. 
89. Ad Four feet high. A deep niche in 
the back wall. 
SOUTHERN Group. 
20: -Bd Recesses about 2 feet high. 
Sale 0 Now a mere recess. 
O27 a Front gone. Uncleared. Niches 


on N. and E. 


93. Ad? Small chamber with unfinished 


gallery. 


On a lower level are— 


94. Ba Small and irregular chamber. 

95—99, Aa? Very small and rough. 

100. d Front broken. Uncleared. 

101. Ad? Probably a tomb like 93, the 
gallery of which ran into the 
large chamber ef a pit-tomb 
behind. 

102. d Front and roof are gone. Un- 


cleared. 


10 THE LARGER TOMBS. 


Ii .—-THE LARGE Ew PEO Ss: 


1. Previous Work ON THE SITE. 


Hay seems to have been the first 
who considered these unattractive tombs worthy 
In his MS. 
diary are two records of visits to the group, one 
in April, 1826, the other probably earlier in 
the same year (Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 31,054, 
fo. 117; 295814, foWomin: 
the architecture 


RoBERT 


of examination and description. 


He there describes 
and scenes of the tombs of 
Urarna (N. and W. walls) and Meru, and makes 
a brief reference to Tomb 24. He also gives a 
His 


notes, though accurate, supply no record of 


description with sketches of Tomb 37. 


anything which has been lost since his day. 

Nestor DE t Hore records a visit to the tombs, 
which he calls the tombs of EH] Bersché and Deyr 
abu Fam, in 1838 (Lettres écrites del’ Egypte, p.51). 
He gives acopy of the priestly titles of the father 
of Urarna and of the titles of Imhetep. 

Wirxrinson (MSS. in the possession of Sir 
Vauncey Crewe) made sketches in 1841 (?) of 
sundry fragments of scenes and inscriptions. 
They add nothing to later copies. He names 
the site Isbayda. 


Tue PrusstAn Exprepirion under Lepsius 


copied portions of the tombs in 1843 (L. D. u. 
112,113). These copies have proved of great 
value, preserving three examples of the inscrip- 
tion of Tehutinekht, of which only one fragment 
of any size now remains, and parts of the stelae of 
Uau and Imhetep which have also disappeared. 
PrissE D’AVENNES visited the tombs in the 
same year (Revue Arch. 1844, p. 728). He has 
left copies of the stela of Meru, with the adjoin- 
ing figure and titles, and the figure and titles of 
the father of Urarna (Monuments, Plate xv.). 
These are of importance for the attribution to 
Meru of the title ‘Governor of the house of Teta,” 
which Lepsius had not found on the stela 
(see p. 26). 
Perrrie and GrirritH took notes in 1887. 


The copies show several errors. 
For 
one sketch see A Season in Hgypt (Plate xxv.). 

Newserry (P. and J.) and Carrer worked 
here for the Archaeological Survey in 1892-3, 
planning the large tombs, taking notes of all 
inscriptions, and copying the greater part of 
the reliefs. (See Archaeological Report of the 
Egypt Exploration Fund for that season.) The 
indebtedness of the present publication to the 
work done on that occasion has been acknow- 
ledged in the preface. 


TOMB No. 24. 


BELONGING TO SERFKA(?), FATHER OF URARNA.’ 


(Prares III.—VI.) 


Titles of the owner :— 


I< ON Ava Superintendent of Rescripts (?). 
a 


“Tomb of 
Urarna 1.”; the name which is most prominent in the 
tomb having been retained after my clearance of the W. 


* Called by inadvertence in the plates 


wall had indicated the real owner. 


[Ads » BB [a] > Superintendent of For- 


tresses (?). 


ge raiOrean 


Leader of the land of Un. 


* For the true form of the sign see Plate xvi. 


TOMB No. 24, 


de) we — Superintendent of the New 
—— a 
Towns. 
5, ( aul a a ) Priest of King Userkaf. 


6. (© as >] 1 ) Priest of King Khufu. 
fe fl = Royal acquaintance. 


8. » aE eS ( @ (?) Superintendent of the 


nomes of the central south (Middle 
Egypt ?). 


(The records are so defaced and incomplete 
that a reliable list cannot be obtained). 


The front wall and outer chamber of this 
tomb have suffered severely by the decay of the 
low terrace in which it is hewn, and threaten 
further ruin. Judging from the fragment of 
the facade which remains, the exterior was of 
type D (recessed jambs and two lintel bands). 
The top of the doorway is nearly destroyed. 
The existing portion of the broad lintel band 
contains the only example known in this necro- 
polis of an inscription outside the tomb. It is 
the commencement of the well-known formula 


of prayer (R. to L.) 


LE 


a) 


Z 


There was a standing figure in relief on the S., 
and probably also on the N. side of the doorway, 
facing towards it. 

The tomb has two chambers, the inner and 
The latter, 
contains the remains of seated figures 


smaller one being uninscribed. 
however, 
of the deceased and his wife, whose attitude of 
affection is pathetically apparent even under 
the extreme ill-usage which they have under- 
gone together. The burial vault is also reached 
from this chamber; not, however, by means of a 
shaft, but by a very steep slope, down which the 


coffin could be easily lowered to its resting-place. 


OF SERFKA. ll 
temains of sculpture can still be seen in the 

thickness of the outer wall on the 8. side (A). 

Between the legs of a standing male figure is 

the smaller figure of a son (?) holding a whip (?) 

; “Ui 

in his left hand, of whose name Yy =a Se (| 


Yi tiie 
or Yj > i is the very doubtful reading. 
A 


ude child stood behind the lar ge figure, and 
an attendant faced him in front. The door- 
way to the inner room had a rounded lintel. 
In the thickness of the wall here are rough 
figures of the deceased and his sons. On the 
north side (Plate vi. 2) the large figure stands 
facing outwards, with a staff in his right hand 
and kherp-sceptre in his left, and wearing the 
close-fitting tunic. His “eldest son, Urarna” 
precedes him, and between (i.e. beside) his legs 
is shown another child (?), Ka-hap, who. is 
already credited with the dignity of a “royal 
wab-priest.” Both wear the lock of youth. 
An almost identical representation is given on 
the S. side (Pl. vi. 3), where Ka-hap carries a 
lotus, and his father wears a pointed tunic. 
On both sides a third son follows, whose name 
On the N. side titles 1, 2, 3, 4 
and 8(?) are inscribed in rough hieroglyphs 
overhead. On the S. side titles 5 and 6 are 
given, but these were preceded and followed 
originally by other columns (apparently not 
cartouches),' 


5) 


cannot be read. 


The 
west wall was devoted to bas-reliefs, but on the 
southern half only the lower part of the design 


We now turn to the OUTER CHAMBER, 


' The figures on Plate vi. are from squeezes, and show 
the rough character of the work. The sculpture seems to 
have suffered very little since the days of Wilkinson: the 
contrast with the copies of earlier workers is rather to be 
attributed to the free restoration which they used. In view 
of a question which will arise later (see p. 26) it should be 
noticed that Prisse’s reading of the broken signs is much 
less accurate than that of Lepsius. He must have taken his 
reading of the fifth column (title No. 8) from the W. wall ; 
there is not room for it here, as the copies of Lepsius 
and Wilkinson The 

\ [sraattesb 


ea rs 


also show. true reading may be 


12 


was executed, and on the northern side the 
greater part has been lost by the crumbling 
away of the wall and by weathering. The 
obliteration of the scenes in both cases has been 
more complete because they were cut very 
roughly, and given only a slight relief. 
three other walls were treated in a different 
manner, niches containing standing figures 
being cut in them, and the narrow piers which 
were left between the recesses being decorated 
with figures and scenes in low relief. 

In the recesses P and D there were, perhaps, 
figures of the deceased and his wife together. 
At N were two separate figures, in the others 


single statues. On the pier O are still re- 


The | 


cognizable scenes of ploughing and reaping in | 
three registers; each of the other piers seems | 


to have held a figure, with attendants in a 
register below. On J (Plate vi. 1) is the 
deceased in the dress of a sem-priest. Beneath 
are two keepers of the wardrobe (?) gv , the 
foremost of whom has a sack upon his shoulder, 


and a dwarf who leads his master’s’ greyhound | 


Bie J  (?). The pier H was occupied by a 
female figure in long wig, neck band (?), and 
collar, facing right. F contains three 
figures in as many registers, facing right and 
nearly obliterated; rude hieroglyphs attached 


(?) Q 
AWWW 


Pier 


to the lowest seem to read x— =e) 


Oo lp @. -On E there remain the legs of a 


figure, with a dog beneath (name of latter 
YZ 
UY S 
Z 


GY a ANW 


CZ 


illegible). From C nothing but 
can be recovered. 
The design for the space at the top of the 


Easr Watt (8S. sipr) was executed in paint, 


and left in faint relief on a thin facing of | 


plaster. What can still be deciphered is re- 
presented on Plate xvii, but the reading of 
most of the signs is open to great question. 
Title No. 8 has Prisse’s support, but is very 
The painted form of the rare hiero- 
glyph which is used in title 2 is given in fac- 
simile on Plate xvii., together with a copy of 


unusual. 


~ 


THE LARGER TOMBS. 


the example at Zawiyet el Meiyitin (L. D. u. 
110). It is evident, when the name of the 
personage in the first ship on Plate v. is con- 
sidered, that the first five columns of titles on the 
E. wall end with the name of the occupant of the 
tomb. The attendant who is given the foremost 
place in the sculptured scenes of a tomb often 
bears the name of his master. Such a one on 
Plate iv. is called Serfka(?), and this confirma- 
tion of the apparent reading may justify the 
application of this name to the owner of the 
tomb. These five columns, then, apply to the 
figure below (Plate ‘vi. 1), the rest go with 
other figures in the niches or on the piers. 

The scene on the Sourn Har or THE WEsT 
Watt (Plate iv.) may well have been a design - 
of some merit, but its poor and unfinished 
execution, together with the injury which it 
has sustained, deprive it of a great deal of its 
value. In the chief register Serfka and his 
wife are sitting side by side, in the attitude 
commonly adopted by the Egyptian sculptor to 
suggest conjugal affection. Serfka wears the 
priestly dress, consisting of a leopard’s skin cast 
round the body and tied by an elaborate knot 
above the left shoulder. The features of hus- 
band and wife have been obliterated, as is the 
invariable lot of the figures in this necropolis. 
Owing to the unfinished state of the wall we 
have lost the names and titles. Below (.e. 
beside) the chair the pet ape, who is in charge 


of a dwarf no bigger than it, regales itself 
<a 


from a basket of fruit, and, with a true touch of 
simian nature, keeps a jealous guard the while 
over the remainder. Before the deceased and 
his wife is the table spread with good things, the 
plentifulness and variety of which are guaran- 
teed in addition by the mention, in a carelessly 
written list, of “thousands of linen, thread, sev (?) 
geese, loaves, oryxes, cranes, oxen, and gazelles,” 
and would probably have been still further 
secured by a list of offerings above, had the 
decoration been completed. It is owing to the 
piety of the son, who has succeeded to his 


TOMB No. 24, OF 


father’s place and titles, that the dead enjoy this 
banquet. Accordingly, “the superintendent of 
the new towns, Urarna,” is seen performing the 
rite of beatification ( any while his 
retinue of servants slaughter animals, or carry 
Among them Serfka (?) 
is bringing a crane, and the “servant of the ka, 
Zah,” is “bringing perkherw gifts.” 

In a crowded scene below are depicted the 
two departments of the household service of an 
Egyptian noble. On the left artificers 
working in wood, metal, and jewellery; on 
the right are the providers of entertainment. 
Among the first we see in the upper row 


birds and offerings. 


are 


workers in metal, precious or otherwise. Four 
men with blow-tubes raise the fuel in a furnace 
to white heat below a crucible, while an over- 
seer, whose name is not legible, watches the 
critical operation, which is headed neb-t, “ melt- 
ing.” Over them are specimens of their craft— 
bowls, a hand-basin and ewer, a mirror, a vase, 
a blade, an axe-head, &c. The fittine of bead- 
work and ornaments is, as usual, entrusted to 
dwarfs, for whom this light and sedentary work 
was specially fitted. One is “threading (?) a 
collar” (“piercing gold work” ?). Another is 
“presenting a collar for inspection” to the 
royal wab-priest, Menhetep. 

Below are the workers in wood. 
seems to be hardening the point of a staff in 
the fire (pfs ?). 
it with some preparation. 


The second is perhaps rubbing 


seems to depict the employment of a simple yet 
powerful vice or press, formed by two beams 
hinged at one end like a hoe, and used exactly 
as nut-crackers are by us. One arm of the 
instrument being securely fastened down to a 
block, and the whole weight of a man thrown 
upon the other, a great force would be exerted, 
and serve in this case to grip or compress the 
shafts of wood. The superscription seems to be 
“putting staves in the vice” (lit. “ treading on 
staves”). Further to the left two “carpenters” 
are vigorously “polishing a coffin,’ superin- 


The first | 


The following scene | 


SERFKA. 


tended by “the head carpenter.” On the right 
are musicians and dancers. As is often the 
case, it is a female performer who is “ playing 
the harp” to the time beaten by her companion. 
Below are the male performers. They use both 
kinds of flute, and each has a comrade to beat 
time (est), and perhaps chant to his accompani- 
ment. ‘The entertainment is probably given in 
the rooms of the harem, and the men are there- 
fore screened off from the females by a draped 
partition (?).". The prodigal supply of food as- 
signed to the musicians suggests that they were 
rewarded chiefly in this way. The figures of the 
dancing women, though now reduced to a few 
broken outlines, are still instinct with gaiety 
and physical abandon, and this impression is 
heightened by the introduction of an ape, 
whose faithful imitation of its superiors leaves 
nothing to be desired. It may have been the 
custom of these ancient troupes, like some of 
their modern successors, to train these animals 
to contribute their share to the general hilarity. 
The two women whose role is simply to beat 
time wear the usual feminine garb; the rest 
are more lightly clothed, and one, if the worn 
stone does not do her wrong, has altogether 
divested herself of dress. One carries what 
might be a sistrum. The space left for the 
inscription is unfortunately blank. 

West Wan, N. (Plate v.) What 
little remains of the reliefs here is almost 


indecipherable. The 


HALF, 


upper part evidently 


depicted some rendering of accounts or pay- 


ment of taxes. 
of Serfka on the left, to whom the accounts 
received from the busy scribes were being pre- 
sented. Below this a drag-net full of fish is 
being drawn to land by two groups of fisher- 
men. 
urged by rowers. 


There may have been a figure 


In the mid-distance a boat is being 
The lowest register shows a 


' Cat-headed, L. D. ii. 36. 
? Or is it a female dwarf as in L. D. ii. 36 ? 


14, THE LARGER TOMBS. 


flotilla of boats, and seems to set forth the 
every-day incident of a journey by water rather 
than the final burial procession to the necro- 
polis. 
before 


In the leading ship, which is sailing 
the wind, “the royal acquaintance, 
Serfka(?),” stands under a light canopy and 
rests on his long staff. His ship is followed by 


a rowing-boat which carries “his eldest son, 
the royal ‘acquaintance and superintendent of 
rescripts (?), Urarna (?).” 
is close behind. 


Another sailing ship 
The small expedition is accom- 
panied also by servants, who make the journey 
by land. We see them on the further bank 
leading an ox and bringing birds. 


TOMI INion 2a: 


NM 
Brtoncinc To 3 l URARNA. 
<Oo— 


(Pares VII.—XVI,) 


Titles of the owner :— 


Ib } => Royal Acquaintance. 
2. [=] i Governor of the Great (?) House. 


»X ks | Superintendent of Rescripts. 


eS) 


4, | mae Leader of the Land. 


Cr 


» S ie 4 Superintendent of the New 


Towns. 


6. | © (4 Royal Wab-Priest. 


le (© | = | i ) Priest of Ne-user-ra. 


They are preceded by =», the sign of the Hare 
Nome, to signify that the offices were exercised 
within this province. 

This tomb adjoins the last, and the intervening 
face of rock has been smoothed to a facade, as if 
to indicate the close connection of the two. 
When Urarna desired to hew out his tomb as 
near to his father’s as possible, he found the 
site already occupied by a low chamber. Not 
deterred by this, he cut through one end of 
it and made a narrow facade in the rock 
behind, gaining in this way the advantage of a 
loftier and more solid ceiling for the large 


chambers he meditated. There is thus an open 
approach to the door of the tomb, on the right 
of which lies what remains of the earlier 
chamber. The Copts, who have greatly wrecked 
the interior of the tomb, have covered the facade 
with plaster and fashioned a semi-circular niche 
in the right jamb of the door. The entrance is 
much broken, only retaining its original dimen- 
sions near the ground. On entering the tomb, 
a large chamber, roughly square in plan, is 
found, only the outer half of which has bas- 
reliefs: but it soon becomes clear that this 
aspect is only due to destruction on a large 
scale. 

The task of determining the original plan 
and scheme of decoration is aided from an 
unexpected quarter. There was formerly at 
Zawiyet el Meiyitin, some thirty miles to the 
north, a magnificent rock tomb belonging to a 
prince of the Oryx Nome, named Khunes. It, 
with the whole necropolis, has been destroyed 
for building stone, only the shrine now remain- 
ing; but happily it was copied for the great work 
of Lepsius (L. D. i. 57; 11. 105—109).* From 


See also Description de V Egypte, iv. 68, 


TOMB 


the plan and from the scenes there given, it may 
be seen that its similarity to the tomb of 
Urarna is so great as to point unmistakably to 
the employment of the same artist-builder, “ the 
royal decorator and sculptor Ptahkhuu” (Plate x.) 
for both. The proportions and designs seem to 
have been calculated originally for the tomb of 
Khunes,' and only carried out in the tomb of 
Urarna so far as circumstances permitted. 
The 
tomb of Khunes is laid out on a plan which 
differs considerably in detail from that of 
Urarna. It has two oblong chambers parallel 
with the frontage, the outer and deeper of which 
is divided along its length by a row of square 
pillars, and also a third chamber of small pro- 
portions, each wall of which is adorned with a 
rock-cut statue and the entrance flanked on 
either side by similar figures. Perhaps the 
exceptional adornment of the corresponding 
doorway in Urarna’s tomb may be a reminis- 
cence of this treatment. 


The tomb at Sheikh Said in its present state 


Hence the former is probably earlier. 


has only one chamber to represent the two of. 


Khunes, and we have to ask whether this was 
the original arrangement, a row of pillars only 
having been removed later, or whether there 


were two rooms divided by a solid wall, the | 


division of the outer chamber by pillars not 
having been adopted in view of its lesser pro- 
portions. 
is left on the north, the remains of decoration 
on its outer side, and other features are con- 
sidered, the strong presumption is that a solid 
wall, not pillars, originally divided the two 
halves of the present chamber. The few feet 
of this wall left to us show that there was 
probably a further difference in that this, the 


1 The scenes are not allotted to their respective walls in 
the plates of Lepsius. I assign them thus:—1l05a, b= 
W. wall (N. half); 107 and 106) = W. wall (S. half) ; 
106a = N. wall (W. half); 108 =N. wall (EH. half and 
pier) ; 109 = §S. wall (W. half and pier). 


No. 25, 


When the thickness of the pier which | 


OF URARNA. 15 


E. wall of the outer chamber, was decorated, as 
generally at Sheikh Said, with a series of niches 
containing statues, above which a record of 
The niche, as well as the presumed 
statue, has been hacked away, but the titles 


titles ran. 


overhead remain, and the double occurrence of 
the proper name (Plate xiii. A) suggests that 
there was a second niche and statue near the 
first. 

While the desire to follow the pattern of the 
tomb of Khunes is thus apparent, local conditions 
prevented its being exactly copied, and the 
altered dimensions necessitated changes in the 
If Ptahkhuu was a 
native of the Oryx Nome, this imitation would 
imply the inferiority of the Hare Nome to its 
neighbour in the culture of the arts. But it is 
more likely that Ptahkhuu was brought from 


scheme of decoration also. 


Memphis. 

The stupid energy with which the work of 
mutilation was begun is plainly shown by the 
west wall north of the doorway, where only 
the heads of the figures of Urarna and his wife 
and a vertical strip of bas-reliefs at the end 
have survived the onslaught. Two niches were 
set in the midst of the havoc that had been 
worked. At this point the wreckers seem to 
have reflected that they were on the point of 
destroying the tomb as well as its sculpture, 
and that an unsightly church was likely to 
result. They contented themselves, therefore, 
with hiding the reliefs of the N., 8., and W. 
walls under a covering of plaster, by which 
means they have unintentionally preserved to 
us some valuable examples of Old Kingdom 
sculpture. A deep niche, however, was cut 
through the figure of Urarna on the N. wall, 
and seems to have been framed in wood and 
used as a cupboard. 

The Srconp Camber contains no original 
decoration, except where a doorway in its eastern 
wall gave access through a small room to the 
burial vault. This doorway is immediately 
opposite the entrance to the tomb, and no doubt 


16 


faced a corresponding opening in the partition 
wall. The sill is high above the ground, but 
there are signs that it was reached originally by 


steps.! It thus has the appearance of a shrine 


ornamentation. 


rather than a passage, and was probably intended | 


more for the use of the dead than of the living ; 
corresponding indeed, though set in the east 
wall, to the usual doorway in the stela. Thisis 


well-known statue there being replaced here by 
reliefs, for figures of Urarna and his sons are 
found on both sides the thickness of the wall, 
. ae ak Me . = A 
facing outward. Overhead is | > l oy = S 
() Sa 
~<c 


children are shown, the upper named 


& 
<-> 


ZY 


On the south, two nude 
CGY 
GZ, 
GG:4 


sill 
GLY é = 
Ye \ l Plate xvii 
1 GGZ ( <i )- 
Urarna is in sem-priest’s garb. The rebate for 
framing and holes for door pivots may be later. 


on the south only one 


On the east wall, north of the entrance, a design 
in red paint of a figure of Urarna is still visible. 
The wall here is mapped out in lines, showing 
that there was to have been matwork behind the 
figure and an inscription above. 
this room is shallow, and the chamber below 
insignificant; it is probably not part of the 
original construction. 

What remains to be noticed in the chamber 
are the relics of that Coptic occupation of un- 
known date, 
into a place of worship by throwing the two 


. THE LARGER TOMBS. 


The exact design of the latter 
can no longer be recovered. Traces of painting 
remain on the ceiling of the apse, which seem to 
represent extended wings. There is a tiny 
niche within, on the S. side. 

Having noted traces of painting on the wall 


to the south of the apse, I cleared away the 


_ whitewash and found that a fresco of some 
paralleled in the tomb of Mera at Saqqareh, the 


The well in | 


when the tomb was transformed | 


chambers into one, destroying or concealing the 


reliefs, decorating the walls with paintings, and 
finally by constructing an apse at the back of 
This latter is not without archi- 
tectural merit, though so carelessly planned that 
it broke into the 8.-W. corner of the inmost 
chamber. The opening of the apse is decorated 
with a moulded arch, resting on pilasters whose 
capitals are sculptured with acanthus leaf 


the tomb. 


' These might, however, be the remains of an altar. 


merit had occupied the greater part, and though 
much had perished, sufficient was secured to give 
some idea of the work (Plate xiv. a). It is plain 
that the painting is earlier than two square 
niches which now deface the wall, and that the 
tomb was used as a dwelling place at a time 
subsequent to its use asachurch. The picture 
evidently represents the favourite subject of 
St. George and the Dragon; the reptile, whose 
tail is curled round the hind leg of the horse, 
is turning its crested head upon its assailant 
and opening its jaws. Of the upper part only 
the richly ornamented trappings of the horse 
and the decorated shield or cloak of the rider 
chiefly used are 
maroon in several shades, buff, black, and a 
drab which may represent a faded pigment. The 
head of the dragon is in green and maroon. 
Specialists must be allowed to fix the date and 
yalue of the composition. 

The fragment containing names of Coptic 
brethren (Plate xiv. B) is from the same wall, 
above the smaller niche. 

The south wall of this second chamber con- 
tains other Coptic paintings, (Plates xiii. B, 
and xiv. c and p), which seem to be fanciful 
designs, grouped round a central cross of Coptic 
which perhaps reflects the Egyptian 
The paintings are executed on the 
plaster, but have been overlaid later with 
whitewash. The cross (B) is in the centre; 
the fragment C is at some distance to the right, 
D to the left. The former seems to depict a 
horse or antelope, and perhaps some other 
animal behind it. Over the unicorn in fragment 
D MONOKHPOC (for 


are visible. The colours 


shape, 


ankh. 


is its Greek name, 


TOMB No. 


MONOKEPQC). These animals seem to have 
no emblematic significance, and as gazelles were 
used in early Christian decorations, an artistic 
motive may account for their presence here. 
Tue Inmost Cuamser is extremely rough in 
every respect. It is likely that it has been 
enlarged later, and the second and loftier door- 
way then cut. The floor is now of very different 
levels, but in the original state there was pro- 
bably no descent from the sill of the inscribed 
doorway. Contrary to custom this inmost 
chamber has received some bas-reliefs. They 
occupy the space between the doorway and the 
present breach into the apse, and represent 
servants hastening from right to left, bearing a 
yoke upon their shoulders, from which baskets, 
&c., are suspended. Care was taken to set the 
burial vault out of sight or easy access. From 
the upper part of the south wall a gallery just 
large enough to admit a coffin was driven into 
the rock for a short distance, and a pit, 7 or 8 
feet deep, was then sunk at its farther end. 
Out of the south side of this the burial chamber 
opened a room of sufficient size and 3 feet 
8 inches in height.’ 
Ture OuTER CHAMBER. 
handsomely adorned this room are black with 
age and with smoke from the cooking fires of 


The reliefs which once 


generations of Bedawin, who have found in 
this roomy cave a heaven-given shelter for 
flocks and families. They have suffered still 
more from the plaster which once covered them, 
the clinging relics of which had to be painfully 
picked off in order to reach the original outline. 
Nor was the long story of violation closed with 
the last cutting of doorways and niches. Two 
outrages (though scarcely treated as such in. 


25, 


OF URARNA. 17 


Egypt, where no adequate protection is yet 
given to the monuments, though they form one 
of the most remunerative assets of the country) 
have been committed in recent years on the fine 
design of the west wall. The date of one of 
these is subsequent to 1892, and we happily 
possess Mr. Carter’s drawing of the subject 
made in that year. Sheer folly is probably the 
reason for the breach which has been made in 
the 8. end of the W. wall. The remains of the 
sculptures which occupied the space show that 
it cannot be of contemporary date. The upper 
half of the doorway remains blind ; for if it had 
been carried through it would have met the 
lower roof of the exterior tomb. It is therefore 
only a useless hole. 

The Sourn Watt (Plates ix. and x.).2> We 
here see the ruler of the Hare Nome within 


doors, or rather in one of the light garden kiosks 


which form the most pleasant place of retreat 
in the Kast during much of the day, and which 
are often represented in Egyptian tombs as the 
places where receptions were held or the day’s 
business transacted. As is indicated by the 
roof, the pavilion only extends over two of the 
three sections of the wall. The slaughtering, 
cooking, &c., are naturally done outside it, and 
as the front of the pavilion is open, it is con- 
venient also that the dancers perform in the 
open, while the musicians sit in shelter and 
shade. The roof of the pavilion is carried on 
six light wooden columns* resting on circular 
bases, and having capitals carved to the form of 
an open lotus flower, round whose stem half- 
opened buds are tied. 
a small abacus on which the roof beams rest. 
The beauty of this design could only conceal 


The inner petals support 


' T turned over the rubbish which encumbers the well 
and vault, more in order to obtain the measurements than 
in the expectation of obtaining any considerable fragments 
of burial furniture ; a hope which no one would entertain 
after seeing the evidence of thorough and repeated search 
which all the tombs here exhibit, 


* These are to be put together to form the scene. The 
upper line is that of the ceiling, and the painted border is 
to be supplied below it and at both sides. 

° The scene in the tomb of Khunes corresponds with this, 
bnt there it is the wife who is being diverted. 

* Only the three nearer ones are shown. 


18 THE LARGER TOMBS. 


the incongruity of the idea, so long as the 
weight which it supported was small; the 
Egyptians, therefore, refrained from employing 
it in stone buildings. In the tomb of Khunes 
the architects made a compromise by using it as 
a bas-relief on the square sides of rock-hewn 
pillars, as on the two famous pillars of Thothmes 
at Karnak. Perhaps the architect of Tomb 37 
of this group entertained the idea of using this 
tempting art-form in stone, but recoiled at the 
last before its impracticability. (See p. 37.) 

In this scene we may see one of the cherished 
dreams of the Egyptian noble regarding the life 
beyond death. Therein he hoped to repeat some 
of the most charming hours of life on earth, the 
hours of the Kef or Eastern dolce far niente, 
when he ate a dainty repast in his garden kiosk 
through which the cool breezes blew, while 
music played and the ghawdzi induced delicious 
dreaminess by their winding dances. Urarna 
sits here wearing his long wig and clinging 
tunic, and the scarf which is the mark of the 
Three 
perform religious ceremonies of purification and 
“the burning (°) of incense.” 
dishes, &c., which occupies the upper part of 


lector’s office. “servants of the ka” 


The array of 


the picture speaks eloquently of banquets, 
and the detailed enumeration of viands round 
the table amounts to a prayer or assurance 
regarding them. The preparation for the 
meal has been made outside; the animals have 
been slaughtered, and the cooking is in active 
preparation. One roasts a bird over the coals 
upon a spit, while an assistant prepares another 
bird for the fire. 
in a cauldron set in a large pottery (?) furnace. 
Three other cooks are engaged in baking cakes : 


Joints are also being boiled 


one seems to be kneading them, while others 
toast them over the fire on rods. Their name 


is NS and this may be the word above.! 


* See Plate xii, here: Mar., Mast., p. 328: L. D. ii. 66, 96. 


The foremost is saying, “See, I have finished 
it” (or “caught it”). The dishes, when 
ready, set out on low tables and 
carried in by attendants. “ Bringing forward 
offerings” (reading {1° © w=) The music 
is provided as usual by a harper and a player on 
the long flute, to whom three comrades set the 
Or perhaps, as the two foremost do 


are 


measure. 
not appear to be clapping, we may read the 
legend above as “Singing with full accom- 
paniment beautifully” (?). Above the flautist 
is written, ‘‘ Playing on the flute,’ and above 
the harpist, “‘ Divine finger ” (?) and “ Striking 
(the harp).” In the foreground outside five 
dancing-girls, dressed in short tunics, go through 
rhythmical movements, the time being set 
The legend “ Beautiful 
shows that the dances 
reminiscence of 


by two companions.’ 
dances for the a” 
depicted are not a mere 
pleasures enjoyed on earth. 

It was the privilege of the sculptor to sign 
his work by pourtraying himself prominently 
among the officials of the household, or even as 
one allowed to eat in the presence of his lord. 
Here “the royal decorator* and _ sculptor” 
Ptahkhuu has considered himself entitled to an 
invitation to the private entertainment of his 
master. 

West Watt (SouTH OF THE ENTRANCE). 
Plates xv. and xvi. The close resemblance of 
the designs in this tomb to those in the tomb of 


Khunes (L. D. 11. 105—9) is especially noticeable 


* The worn stone may be responsible for their unclothed 
appearance. 

* This title is elsewhere only given to the tiring servant 
of the king and to goldsmiths. In days when the art- 
sense was rarer the court artist might be consulted in 
every department which called for it, from great architec- 
tural works down to minutely worked jewellery, and the 
decking out of the head and neck of the king with the royal 
insignia, &c. Or the gifts of Ptahkhuu may have been 
recognized at first in the humbler office of coiffeur. See . 
Spiegelberg, A. Z. for 1896, p. 162, 


TOMB No. 2b, 


in the case of this wall. There is just the 
difference of attitude and unimportant detail 
which an artist might allow himself in following 
a design all the essential features of which he 
held in memory, while he was not concerned 
The object of 
the picture is to depict the culture of grain 
from the sowing of the seed to the gathering of 
the manifold harvest, yet this, not for its own 
sake, but as affording wealth and sustenance to 
its owner. Hence the figure of Urarna, who 
surveys the scene. 


with a repetition in facsimile. 


His importance is made 
clear by the number of servitors who follow him 
with every provision for his personal adorn- 
ment, comfort, and amusement, as well as by a 
luxurious provision for screening him from the 
rays of the sun when he watches the labour of 
his servants in the open fields. This welcome 
shade is given by a light and portable canopy, 
the domed roof of which is carried on four 
slender staves and held firm by tenons on their 
upper ends. On three sides, or perhaps only 
on the sunward side, a mat woven in intricate 
patterns is hung by means of ties at the two 
upper corners. The mat has a broad border of 
black at top and bottom; between these the 
pattern is formed by woven work of green and 
yellow.” By this happy example of the textile 
work of his time the artist has managed to 
throw into relief the mass of red and white on 
the figure. Urarna is clothed in the simplest 
way, for though sandals are not common wear, 


1 Lepsius, for some reason, left the tomb of Urarna un- 
copied. The scene in L. D. ii. 106) and 107 fits this wall 
of Urarna, but is too long for the corresponding wall of 
Khunes. Can he have confused the two versions of the 
scene ? ¢ 

* The pattern is now so faded as to be scarcely visible. 
Only the green colour is traceable; the yellow I infer from 
other examples. The patterns have been copied from careful 
measurements of the existing fragments, but the exact limit 
of each cannot be guaranteed. For other, and more elaborate 
examples, see L. D. 11. 52, 57, 61, 63, 64, and Prisse, Art 
Ligyptien Il. Pl. 46 (coloured), all of the Vth Dynasty. 


OF URARNA. 19 


even his donkey drivers are provided with them 
for their work. 

The cutting of the doorway has left us little 
of the series of attendants who are depicted as 
following Urarna into the fields. Those that 
remain bear cloth(?) and caskets, and lead 
their master’s favourite dog and _ baboons.’ 
What is lacking the scene in L. D. ii. 107 may 
supply. The field scenes, which occupy the 
rest of the wall, are enumerated in the descrip- 
tive title, 


“Seeing the ploughing (the gathering of the 
flax, the reaping and carrying) and 
treading of the threshing-floors for the 
controllers of the estate belonging to the 
tomb.” * 


The upper register, which often represents 
the further scene in point of distance, here 
shows that most remote in time. The genius 
of ancient Egypt for administration may be 
read into the attitude of the first three figures. 
The scribe, who is to the fore in all Egyptian 
enterprises, is also here in the fields; and there 
is also shown that wise sub-division of re- 
sponsibility which in larger spheres of Egyptian 
life accomplished such feats of orderly govern- 
ment. Urarna, who himself is “leader of the 
land,” holds “a steward” responsible for the 
management of his private estates, and receives 
The 
steward again looks to the scribes employed in 
the various departments to furnish him with 
the necessary details. 
reckoning of the harvest being the seed-corn 


from him a written record of his office. 


The first item in the 


from which it sprang, a careful entry was wont 
to be made of it. Accordingly the “ registra- 
tion of the seed-corn” is shown, the scribe 
entering upon his oblong tablet the two bags 


of grain which are to be handed over to the 


2. aN l x— seems to be the name given to them here. 
AE = 
* Completed from L, D. ii. 107 (veading ss e ). 
a 


e2 


20 THE LARGER TOMBS. 


responsible person. This official, who acknow- 
ledges the receipt with the respectful gesture 
expected of him, is in this case a controller 
(heqa) who bears the same title as the greatest 
in the province, his relation to those under him 
being, in his much smaller sphere, the same. 
He, with several others, seems to be held re- 
sponsible for the ingathering of the harvest, 
and its proper use in providing the sepulchre of 
the deceased proprietor with bread. The corn 
which is entered against him in the ledger he 
delivers to the labourers, one of whom is seen 
with the seed-bag round his neck “casting the 
grain” from his right hand in a long and even 
stream under the feet of the cattle who follow 
him.!. Although contrary to our custom, the 
operation of ploughing is no doubt correctly 
represented as succeeding, not preceding, the 
work of the sower. The soil does not need 
deep working, and the plough, which is rightly 
depicted as entering but slightly into the 
ground, does little more than the work of a 
harrow. It is indeed capable of little more, as 
is shown by the hieroglyphic facsimile above it. 
This ancient plough is simply the labourer’s hoe 
drawn through the soil by cattle instead of 
being used as a pick, which was the alternative 
method of breaking up the ground and burying 
the seed. (L. D. ii. 51.) To adapt it to its 
new use the handle was much lengthened, so as 
to form a pole which extended more than half- 
way to the head of the draught-animals. 
the rest. the connection was by a rope fastened 
to the pole by a loop and pin, and thus readily 
‘unshipped. The blade, which in the common 
hoe was merely a pointed piece of wood attached 
at an acute angle and maintained in that 


* In this instance the grain is fitly shown falling in a 
gentle curve. Elsewhere it is more stiffly represented, and 
this rod-like appearance has caused the draughtsman in 
L. D. 11. 107 to mistake it for a staff. The surmise that 
such an instrument was used to break up the heavier clods 
is thus unnecessary. 


For 


position by a twisted cord, retained this simple 
shape when it became the plough-share, the 
only difference being that a forked branch was 
chosen, the two arms of which, when given the 
proper curve, formed the stilts of the plough. 
The depth of the furrow could be regulated by 
the length of the pole, while the ploughman, by 
leaning on the handles, kept the share in the 
ground and guided it in a straight line. But 
the labour involved must still have been con- 
siderable. With the love of clearness native to 
Egyptian art, the pole and cord have been 
shown against the outer flank of the animal, 
whereas, the pole being single, we must imagine 
it placed between the two and attached to the 
centre of the yoke. This latter is. simply a 
straight piece of wood laid across the forehead 
of the two beasts and tied with cords to the 
base of their long horns. Owing to their 
greater tractability cows were often used to 
draw the plough, as here depicted. The quiet 
attitude of the driver seems to indicate that it 
needed no more than a guiding touch of his 
stick upon their flanks to keep them in a 
straight furrow. He employs his voice also; 
for his ery to one of them which is pulling too 
much away from him is given, “Come over, 
thou!” The man at the stilts is described as 
“he who lays” (se. the plough). The legend 
over the second pair is “ Tillage by the plough.” 

The light plough, which breaks up the layer 
of rich mud left by the inundation, has not 
hidden the seed sufficiently. The soil must be 
more carefully worked over, and the Egyptian 
chose the trampling feet of his sheep as the 
cheapest implement for the purpose. It is, 
however, only here and there that the animals 
will find inducements in the form of weeds. 
The leading ram of the drove is tempted on 
therefore by the offer and by an occasional taste 
of food from the hand of a “leader,” who goes 
in front provided with a bag. Where the fore- 
most goes the rest follow, and drivers behind, 
by keeping the troop together in the train of 


TOMB No. 25, 


the plough, ensure that the whole field is trodden 


over by the active hoofs of the sheep. The 


artist has not depicted the large flock, which in 
all probability would be employed, and which 
could alone justify the formidable posse of 


drovers; but instead, by skilfully posing a few | 
_ back of the fingers and knuckles might apply.’ 


animals, he has managed to suggest the crowd 
of hustling, frightened ewes, and the unhurried 
gait of the dignified rams. The technical exe- 
cution of the scene is at least equal to the 
beauty of outline and grouping; it is only to 


be regretted that it is not more perfectly pre- | 
readiness to take down the report of the con- 


served. It is interesting besides as a portraiture 


of this early breed of domestic sheep. An 


animal strongly resembling it is still extant in 
West Africa in the country of Say.!. That the 
flock served the same purpose as the plough is 
shown by the descriptive note above, ska em 
seru(?) “tillage by sheep,” where the verb 
employed is the same and determined by the 
sign of the plough.” The four drovers behind 
are armed with a formidable variety of weapons. 
Besides staves, which might be resorted to in 
case of extreme insubordination, they carry the 
curiously shaped meh whip, made of rope, and 
a third instrument which they seem to regard 
as too inoffensive for use, and reserve perhaps 
for lambs and weaklings.’ It is a scourge of 
cord or leather, apparently, and consists of a 
loop which can be grasped and from which 
depend four short thongs, rendered more 
effectual, it would seem, of 
chastisement by the addition of a hard knot or 
loop. As the Egyptians made use of a stick, 
carved at the end into the shape of an open 
human hand, for correcting baboons and bring- 
ing servants into a proper state of mind for 
approaching their superiors (PI. xv., Deir el 


for purposes 


‘ Thilenius in Recueil, xxii., p. 199. 


* Elsewhere, L. D. ii. 51, 56, ska em hest, ‘Tillage by | 


trampling.” (?) 
’ The instrument is only shown in the hands of these 


sheep drovers. For a simpler form see El Bersheh 1. xxy. 


OF URARNA. 21 


Gebrawi I., Pl. viil.), so they seem to have 
devised an imitation of the open hand, by which 
a slap might be administered as if with open 
fingers. The four thongs represent the four 
fingers, and the added knot would enable a 
more severe stroke to be given, such as the 


The next register presents the harvest both 
of flax and barley. Again there is work for 
the scribes, and one of the craft, a spare reed 
pen behind his ear and his ink-palette and 
tablets spread out on his writing-case, sits in 


troller. By his side is “ the keeper of accounts” ~ 
(ari a), who receives the documents for pre- 
servation. The registration of the harvest is a 
matter of such importance that the son of the 
prince makes the final report to his -father. 
Behind, the harvesting is seen in progress. The 
flax is not reaped, but is pulled up by the roots 
in handfuls, the ripe seeds being stripped off by 
an action of the hand. The two operations 
are described as “gathering the flax” and 
“stripping the The handfuls 
gathered into bundles and bound round near 
the roots with cord by men who sit at their 
task and use hands and feet init. This charac- 
teristic sheaf of flax is used as the ideogram for 
its name. 

The harvest of barley is also shown, being 
clearly distinguished by the bearded ears and 
by the length of straw which is left unreaped. 


fax are 


* This knout, though often depicted in the monuments, 
has never been successfully copied (L. D. ii, 106, 51, 56; 
Wilk. ii. 390). It seems to me likely to afford a clue to the 
origin of the sahsign. See Ptuhhetep 1., fig. 304, and Mar. 
Muast., p. 492, where the loops are shown, but the fingers 
seem of stiff material, and L. D. ii. 3, where the nails of 
the four fingers are represented. The sign would thus 
represent an imitation hand ; three or four fingers made of 
cord or leather being strung on a loop of the same material. 
The colours, however, scarcely support this theory. 

° The figures enclosed within the irregular line in Plate 
xvi. have been lately destroyed, and are reproduced from a 
copy made by Mr. Carter in 1892. 


22 THE LARGER TOMBS. 


If the representation is to be taken as correct, 
and not as a clever avoidance by the artist of 
the indistinctness which would result were all 
the figures seen against a background of uncut 
grain, the reapers did not proceed, as with us, 
along the side of the field, reaping in file as 
they went, but each one cut an avenue for 
himself into the field at right angles to its side. 
As the field of high stubble remained evea 
where the reapers had passed, there was not 
the same reason for adopting the method 
familiar to us, and which the gatherers of flax 
seem to follow. For the same 
severed ears could not well be thrown aside by 
the reaper, but must have been passed to a 


reason the 


comrade, who, perhaps for artistic reasons, is 
never shown. (For the action, see Ptahhetep 
II., Plate viii., and the second figure here.) 

The sickles used were, doubtless, wooden 
instruments set with flints, such as have been 
found by Petrie. (Kahun, Plate ix.; Illahun, 
Plate vii.) ? 

There is no sign of the traditional taskmaster 
in this or in other depictions of the harvest 
field; at this season everyone is in good humour. 
Of the five reapers here, two are snatching 
moments for refreshment. One rubs the grain 


' They were probably also of the same shape as. these 
actual examples, the apparent difference being due to the 
attempt of the artist to draw the sickle as seen in the hands 
Most 
Egyptian artists give the shape approximately, though 
they are hopelessly wrong in the position of the hands 
(Ptahhetep IL. vii.; L. D. ii. 48, 47, 73, 80). Our artist is 
exceptionally unhappy in his presentation, especially in the 
tomb of Khunes. 


of the reapers at a very oblique angle of vision. 


Once only, where the sickle was in an 
easy position for drawing (under the arm of the reaper who 
rubs corn), has he given something like the correct shape. 
Here and elsewhere the knob left at the end of the handle 
to ensure a firm grip is rendered without exaggeration. 
Probably all deviations from the Kahun type are due only to 
the difficulty of drawing it in actual use. The mu hiero- 
glyph seems to be only a misleading outline of the same 
form ; as this shape is only occasionally given to the sickle in 
the scenes (Li. D. ii. 51). 


out of an ear of corn with his hands; the 
other is taking a draught from the tall beer-jar. 
The note over the reapers is asekh at an (?)? 
asut per zet, “the reaping of barley by the gangs 
of the tomb estate” and “reaping by the 
small gang.” 

Tue Tuirp Reaisrer is again headed by one 
who brings forward his report, and by two 
scribes who are busy registering the number of 
sheaves which have been stacked. The scene 
depicted here is the carrying and stacking of the 
On the right the sheaves, confined in 
rope nets, are brought on the backs of asses, of 


corn. 


which two are represented. The load is piled 
so high that it needs the assistance of two men 
and a boy to keep it from overbalancing and 
to drive the animal forward. They are met bya 
returning troop of asses which have discharged 
their burden, and are being driven off by five 
All the men 
engaged in this work wear sandals, having to 
run continually to and fro. “ Driving back a 
hundred asses.” The sheaves left behind are 
thrown on a stack by two men, the action being 


drovers armed with long cudgels. 


duly noted as “ piling up a stack.” 

In the Fourrn Reaister yet another respon- 
sible person, the “factor” (ari khet), faces his 
lord in a respectful attitude. Another harvest 
scene is shown, which is described as ‘the 
reaping of wheat (bedet?) by the serfs of the 
king.” Neither the ears nor stalks of grain are 
shown in detail. The handfuls of wheat are 
gathered into bundles and then carried off the 
field and bound into large sheaves for removal. 
Over the labourer is written “giving a bundle (?) 
of wheat.” 

The final operation is shown in the last two 
groups, where the grain is being trodden out, 
on one threshing-floor by oxen, on another 


by asses. The animals stand knee-deep in 


* Surely a careless mistake for [) mmo, as is also 
10S 


a 


TOMB 


straw, and are kept moving upon the floor by 
frequent blows from the sticks of men who 


stand round the edge of the heaped-up grain. | 


The ery of these drivers, ar hak am-es, “keep 
watch over them,” is written above. 

W. Watt, Norra or Entrance. Nothing 
is left of the representations on this wall but 
the heads of Urarna and his wife, and a vertical 
strip showing the last figures in the four 
registers which faced them (Plate xiii. C and D). 
The lost scenes seem to have been somewhat 
different from those on the corresponding wall 
of the tomb of Khunes (L. D. ii. 105a, b), owing 
partly to the smaller wall surface here. There 
the prince and his wife stand in similar attitude, 
but the registers record, (1) Fowling (as in 
Plate x.), (2) Cattle-breeding and fattening, 
(3) Boatmen fighting, (4) Cattle fording the 
water. In both tombs work in the marshlands 
is the subject, forming a companion scene to that 
on the N. Wall. Here the wall probably showed 
only the presentation of wild fowl in the upper 
two registers, and of cattle in the two below. The 
ends of the inscriptions read “... fishermen (?) 
Cieethe. tomb: estates: sc us the marsh 
country”; “ his herdsmen” ; “‘an ox.” 

Tue Norra Watt (Plates xi. and xii. in 
junction). The subject is the outdoor activities 
in the untilled lands and pools near the desert. 
On the left hand Urarna plays his easier part. 
He has embarked in a papyrus canoe, which we 
are to imagine of the proportions indicated by 


the seale on which the crew! are drawn rather | 


' This rare addition of the crew is shown also in the tomb 
of Khunes, where the boat ismanned by fifteen or more rowers. 
It is difficult to imagine a canoe of this capacity constructed 
of so unsuitable a material. But the following report of 
a recent traveller, M. Foureau, shows the danger of hasty 
criticism and the light which Africa may throw on its own 
ancient life. ‘On the west side we had seen some canoes 
of the Chad islanders, the Buduma. These canoes are made 
of bundles of reeds tied closely together and, though heavy, 
are unsinkable, albeit the crew are practically seated in the 
The form is that of an ordinary undecked boat, 
(Journal Royal Geog. Soc., 1901.) 


water. 
with an elevated prow.” 


No. 205, 


OF URARNA. 23 


than those which the figure of the prince would 
suggest. For besides a crew of nine (18 ?), 
whose means of propulsion are not indicated, 
the craft holds the prince and his wife (her 
knee is visible near his foot), an attendant, and 
presumably a steersman at the stern. The boat 
has been urged into the fields of papyrus, 
where birds of all kinds breed and congregate. 
Urarna (whose name remains overhead, though 
his figure has been destroyed), armed with his 
throw-stick, brings down his quarry as it sits 
upon the nest or flies up out of the dense 
thicket. In the hippopotami 
resent the intrusion of the party into a spot 
which they are accustomed to inhabit un- 
disturbed. 

To the right (Plate xii.) is represented the 
work which the servants of Urarna find to their 
hand in this outlying part of their lord’s 
domains. Some, like their master, are engaged 
in fowling, but in a more wholesale manner. 
A large clap-net is spread in the mere, while its 
manipulators conceal themselves behind the tall 
Those who 


water two 


papyrus stems which fringe it. 
habitually dwell or work in these marshes go 
quite naked. Their leader, too, has divested him- 
self of his sandals and scanty clothing, and has 
deposited them in his fisherman’s shelter. Hidden 
by the reeds, he watches the pool, and when the 
unsuspecting birds are swimming in numbers 
over the spot, gives the signal for the sudden 
clapping-to of the net. He does this by a cloth 
so spread along his back and outstretched arms 
as to be visible only from behind and not to 
alarm the birds. He is “ directing the capture.” 
The whole action is admirably shown. The men 
are leaning forward and gripping the rope well 
in advance with the right hand, ready to fling 
themselves back at the crucial moment. The 
“superintendent of the fishermen” is restrain- 
ing their excitement, while the leader, looking 
back to see if his men are ready, is about to 
give the looked-for sign. The pool is repre- 


sented as if seen from above: its banks are 


24 THE LARGER TOMBS. 


shown, and beneath its surface, covered with 
water-plants and fowl, is the spread net. 
Behind, as if in prophecy of success, a man is 
securing the booty in cages. Such was the 
practice in “ netting birds.” 

Below, men are tearing up the papyrus stems 
and carrying them off in heavy, unwieldy 
bundles to their comrades the boat-builders. 
Very little naval architecture suffices for the 
sept semeh, “ building of canoes.” Rough stocks 
are prepared by driving one or two supports 
into the ground to hold up the prow and stern, 
and these, with the help of a stone or two, are 
enough to ensure the requisite curve to the 


craft as it is built up with bundles of reeds 


‘ERO MaS; No: 
Ss Ps » MERU WIth SURNAME J Besa. 


(PLates XVIII.—XX1.) 


BELONGING TO 


Titles of the owner :— 


ith [=] ( Governor of the House. 
|24 O 


bo 


[Baa] f Governor of the House of Pepy. 


a a laaalfi (?) Governor of the House of 
Teta (?) 


4. Zz a Royal Chancellor. 
5. | i ee Sole Companion. 
6. 4 Mh J a Chief Lector. 


~ [NYAS 


Stans A x Superintendent of the South. 


Sem-master of all Tunies. 


9 NW OS_% Superintendent of the New 
<=> ies ae 
Towns. 
(Oder le First after the King in the Great 
House. 


1p. | G& Staff of the People. 


12: i ne, IN aN An ka mut. 


tied closely together. A large amount of bind- 
ing material must have been used: two or three 
coils are assigned to each boat. 

In the lowest register fishing with a drag-net 
is being successfully practised. The fishermen 
stand on shore and haul in the ropes attached 
to the two ends, getting a better purchase on 
the rope by means of shoulder straps. On the 
shore, in shade of the reeds, a comrade sits 
splitting open and cleaning on a board the newly- 
caught fish. Others prepare their repast by 
broiling fish over the coals or making cakes. 
The meal of the superintendent is evidently of 
a less makeshift character. 


20. 


183, c= — Royal Acquaintance. 
Ld, my 1 ieee See ea Priest of Hathor, Lady 


of the Soe e. 


15. 4p =o ie Sab ad mer of the Southern 

| Throne. 

16. +a, » Sab Superintendent of Wri- 
ting. 


The tomb of Meru is hewn in a low ledge of 
rock, and being, in addition, badly set out, a 
part of the front wall has given way on the 
N. The hillside was cut back so as to give a 
facade of sufficient height, the jambs of the 
doorway being recessed and given a much 
slighter batter (about 1 in 20 instead of 1 in 8). 
There was probably one lintel band over the 
jambs. A foot remains to show that there was 
a figure in relief on the N. jamb; a figure in the 
thickness of the wall (N. side) is reproduced on 
Plate v. There is now a rebate all round the 


TOMB No. 20, OF 


doorway within, and a hole in the ceiling to 
receive the pivot of a door. The tomb com- 
prises four rooms, a low chamber opening out of 
the S. wall of the inmost room accounting for 
the unusual number. The back wall of the 
third chamber is occupied by two seated figures, 
apparently of man and wife, who look out over 
the valley of the Nile through the line of door- 
ways, as if in expression of the hope or prayer 
that the spirits of the dead might still have that 
happiness. In the second room is a shaft, now 
partly filled with rubbish; that in the outer 
chamber is nearly empty, and, to speak from 
memory of the descent, is about 20 feet deep. At 
the bottom a vault opens out to the westward. 
As usual, only the outer chamber was inscribed. 

West Watt (Plate xix.). The north half, 
which perhaps already showed signs of weakness, 
was left undecorated. The southern half con- 
tains a large false door of the usual type, having 
a cavetto cornice painted in separated bands of 
red, blue, green, blue ; the roll-and-torus mould- 
ing, which is almost entirely gone, is represented 
in the plate as intact. 
cised and coloured blue against a red ground. 


The hieroglyphs are in- 


The monument has not suffered greatly since the 
days of Lepsius and Prisse ; the small additional 
matter in their copies has been added to the 


plate mn dotted lines (L. D. 112 d: Prisse, 
Mon. xv. 3). On the upper lintel is the 
prayer— 


“May the King and Anubis, Ruler of the 
Divine tomb (se/) grant as a grace his 
burial in the most happy West in the 
place of his reward; and may Osiris, 
Lord of Dadu, grant that he join the 
earth (ie. be buried) and sail the 
heavenly ocean, and that the heart of 
the West (?) go out to him, in peace, in 
peace, to the West.” 

The prayer on the short lintel ruans— 

“May the King and Thoth, who dwells in 
Khemennu, and (?) Anubis on his hill 
grant as a grace his burial in his tomb.” 


MERU-BEBA. 25 


On the right outer jamb the king and Anubis 
are invoked for “‘ his burial in the necropolis in 
his tomb in the Western desert ' and a very 
happy old age”; and Osiris “that he may 
journey to his chamber of the necropolis,. and 
that there may be perkheru gifts for him at the 
festivals of the opening and first day of the year, 
of the heat, of Thoth and at the wag-feast.” On 
the left outer jamb are prayers for the favour of 
Anubis in eight of his forms—as master of the 
divine tomb, as lord of the sacred land, as lord 
of Sepa, as lord of the dwellers in Ut, as lord 
of the great land, and in another capacity ; also 
that: the local deity may be gracious to him 
(Meru). Perkherw gifts are also sought from 
Osiris, since he (the dead) is “ deserving before 
the king, before the great god, and before Thoth, 
lord of Khemennu.” 

The two duplicated prayers on the inner 
jambs are to the king and Anubis— 


“That he may travel on the pleasant roads on 
which the deserving travel, in peace, in 
peace.” 

and to Osiris, lord of those in the West and 
of Abydos— 

“That his heart may go out to the Governor 
eats Meru Beba.” 

To the left of the stela are the sacred oils, for 
the bringing of which the steward Nezem is 
made responsible. On the right, animals are 
being presented to Meru; two oryxes, an ox, 
a hyena, and an addax are seen. Meru stands 
under a light canopy, and over it are titles in 
five columns of thin incised hieroglyphs, now 
almost illegible. Hach column is headed by the 
royal name in a square enclosure, preceded 
perhaps by the 7 sign. In either case this seems 
to be an acknowledgment that Meru held all his 
offices under the crown, and as its provincial 
representative. The royal name appears to have 


' The common expression is used, though the necropolis 
here was in the Eastern desert. 


26 THE LARGER TOMBS. 


been everywhere the object of deliberate malice. 
Probably the walls are in no worse state now 
than in the days of Prisse, who in his copy 
(Mon. xv.) makes the names of Pepy and Teta 
As 
read to-day, the occurrence of the name Teta is 
not impossible in one instance, and suggests 
itself in the other ; but there is no need to read 


alternate here, beginning with the former. 


it, and I am strongly of opinion that Prisse was 
mistaken and read the names on to the stela, 
where Lepsius did not find them, nor can they 
be found to-day. The title too seems to require 
the name of the reigning king.’ 

The Sourn Watt (Plate xx.) presents the 
banquet of the deceased, the customary heap of 
offerings and file of servants being reduced to 
small proportions owing to the unusual size of 
the list of offerings. These scenes and those on 
the W. wall are very badly executed, the lines 
of the designer being so widely diverged from 
by the sculptor that sometimes the former have 
been followed in Plate xx. rather than the 
actual relief. The stand of vases under the 
table and most of the offermgs above it are 
only in paint. The hieroglyphs in the list of 
offerings are incised, and painted in various 
colours. The topmost line and the titles of Meru 
are so incrusted as to be hardly legible. 

Kast Watt (Plate xxi.). In its original 
state the wall must have presented an im- 
pressive aspect, with its seven life-size statues 
sculptured in the round, painted, and set in 
niches, to which the large coloured hieroglyphs 
made a most decorative framework. So far as 
can be judged from the terribly mutilated 
figures and the worn hieroglyphs, the work was 
of a meritorious character, considering the great 
difficulty of working in living rock of by no 
means good or homogeneous quality. The 


visitor would think that he here stood before 
the effigies of the members of a large and noble 
house, who had made this their common place 
of burial or commemoration. But there is no 
ground for believing that these are, for the 
most part at any rate, more than repetitions of 
the figure of Meru. They represent indeed the 
numerous ia statues, which, since the serdab 
could not well be reproduced in a rock-hewn 
tomb, were here allowed the light of day. A 
part of the rock itself, they could not be stolen 
away. 

Near the ceiling, in two almost identical in- 
scriptions, are the titles of Meru. The vertical 
lines also seem to have been in honour of Meru, 
as appears from the opening signs and a frag- 
ment of the ending, which I was able to fit into 
its place. At the bottom of the first pier to the 
south of the doorway two columns of the later 
inscription of Tehutinekht remain (see p. 38). 
The figure above it seems somewhat out of 
character with the rest of the design, but there 
was nothing to suggest a later date. 

One of the niches north of the doorway has 
been furnished with notches to receive shelves, 
the figure having been sacrificed to the domestic 
convenience of some Copt or other solitary, 
who for good or evil reason fled to the quiet of 
the mountains.” ‘ 

THICKNESS : Doorway. Over the 
doorway to the inner room is a lintel rounded 
on both sides; the inscription is lost. On the 
S. thickness is a figure of Meru in plain dress 


INNER 


and in the usual attitude. The few remaining 
signs of a vertical inscription suggest that it 
was the duplicate of a similar column on the 
N. thickness, where a similar figure stands, 
facing outward. The titles 1, 5, 9 and 8(?)? 


are here enumerated. On this (N.) side a little 


geist i [ the | | seems to be an abbreviation for the royal 
enclosure and to denote the local seat of the king’s adminis- 
tration. ‘he precedence which is often given to it (| {) 
suggests association with the king. 


2 The figure in this niche is a single one of ordinary 
breadth, contrary to the appearance which the lines of 
mutilation give in the plate. 

* Wilkinson adds | ING Cf. N. Wall. 


TOMB No. 19, 


figure holding a kherp baton in his left hand, 
and wearing a full wig and collar, grasps 
Meru’s staff. Above in very faint signs is the 
inscription, “ First after the King in the Great 
House, Sab Superintendent of Writing (?), his 
beloved son Behesy (?) ” (Plate xvii.). 

N. Watt (Plate xvii.). On the right hand 
there is a deep niche containing a seated figure. 
The wall below its feet is cut into the form of 
a tablet, flanked by a vase on both sides. On 
the east side of the recess is a rough relief of a 
man offering a bird (Plate xxi.). 

The rest of the wall is occupied by four 
figures, three of them full size, roughly cut in 
The inscriptions and smaller figures 
included in the design are in the paint in which 
they were originally sketched. A bad natural 
fault in the wall probably discouraged the artist 
from completing the scene. Meru is in front, 
staff in hand. His wife, supposed to be 
standing at his side, is placed behind him in 
compliance with the rules of Egyptian draught- 
manship, her left arm lightly touching her 
husband’s right. Their son precedes them. 
Meru is given his titles 1, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12. 
His son is described “his eldest’ Son, 
Sole Companion, Superintendent of the South, 
the deserving Uau.” His wife is entitled 


relief, 


as 


1 This word is erased. 


LOMB. No. 


OF UAU-AU. 27 
“Royal Acquaintance and Priestess of Hathor.” 
As her name stands it may read Mertitefs- 
Neferteta, which is possible. Probably, how- 
ever, lost signs should be supplied thus: 


Sige ———- a ° = 
siete [\ (, or, again, the line 
ta <a DAA a 


might read “ Mertitefs, whose good name is 
Teta” (cf. Grave 10 at Zawiyet el Meiyitin). 
Between the pair is a small painted figure, 
“his eldest son, First after the King in the Great 
House, Meru.” On the extreme left is a third 
figure leaning on a staff, “ the Governor of the 
House, Royal Chancellor, Sem-priest, Sole 
. . deserving before Him who is 
in Khemennu. . . .” Thename is lost, but from 
the titles it must either be a repeated figure of 
Meru himself or of one of his sons when he had 
succeeded to the titles of his father. The sei 
title makes the former more probable. 

On the extreme right are smaller figures in 
several registers much broken by the fault in 
the wall. They seem to represent the haling 
and chastisement of offenders. One figure 
crouches or sits at a scribe’s desk, while another 
stands behind with raised stick. Two such 
groups occur in the top register, another below 
this, and a fourth in the lowest corner. Little 
can be made of the inscriptions. A “super- 
intendent of gangs” (jer thesut) seems to be 


Companion, . 


mentioned. 


182 | 


BELONGING TO SIS Uau, WITH SURNAME TAS Av. 


(Prares XXI.—XXIV.) 


Titles of the owner :— 


1. —” Ha-Prince. 
ae; 

2. +: Superintendent of the South. 
<> 

3. ZZ i Royal Chancellor. 

A, {[>] Governor of the House. 


5. ae . Sole Companion. 
6, a | Lector. 
{i ea First after the King in the 
Great House. 
ei & reat Chi ln 
A i a Great Chief of Un. 


28 THE LARGER TOMBS. ~ 


The tomb of Uau has no architectural pre- 
tensions. Contented with the magnificent 
natural facade of the towering cliff, its con- 
structors took no pains with the exterior, but 
gave it slightly recessed upright jambs, a lintel 
band crossing them and a rounded lintel in the 
doorway, all roughly executed. The doorway 
has a rebate within, and a depression in the 
floor may have received the pivot of a door at 
some time. The construction within is very 
faulty, the outer room being so much on the 
skew as nearly to break through the outer wall 
on the one hand, and the inner wall on the 
other ; its western wall also has a strong batter. 
The inmost chamber is a mere cave, and the 
second room contains nothing but an oblong 
pit, which is now filled with rubbish. In the 
outer room are two shafts; that on the N. is 
partly filled, that on the S. is almost empty, 
and at 7 ft. below the floor has an expansion on 
the W. and 8. which it would be flattery to call 
a vault. 

THICKNESS OF On the north 
side of the outer doorway is a single column 
of incised hieroglyphs recording that “it was 
made for himself as his monuments to his 
father by the Hua-prince Aha.” Below this 
the whole breadth of the pier has been cut 
away In recent times. 


Doorways. 


It must, therefore, have 
been here that the restoration inscription of 
Tehutinekht was to be seen in the time of 
Lepsius (L. D. ii. 1186). Over the inner door- 
way there is a rounded lintel bearing some 
titles of Uau, and on both sides in the thickness 
of the wall there are traces of painted figures 
and titles of the deceased. Uau is here de- 
scribed as “deserving before him who is in 
Khemennu,” and perhaps as “Governor of the 
House of Pepy,’ but this latter title is more 
than doubtful. 
with paintings on plaster; the work is fairly 
good, but little now remains, and is scarcely 
seen against the very dark background em- 
ployed. Only the figures and inscriptions on 


Uau's tomb is mainly decorated 


the N. stela, the tablet of the S. stela, and the 
greater part of the W. wall, are incised as well 
as coloured. 

West Watt, N. Srpe. 
(Plate xxiii.) is sculptured, sunk in a shallow 
recess. It is coloured red; the hieroglyphs, 
which are poor in character, are incised and 
painted blue. The cornice is adorned in the 
usual way. Great injury has been done to the 
monument, but it has been restored in the plate 
from the copy of Lepsius (L. D. ii. 118a). The 
prayers are in the usual form. On the lintel is, 
“May the king grant as a grace, and may 
Anubis, master of the divine shrine, He who is 
on his hill, He who is in Ut, Lord of the sacred 
soil, grant that he have fair burial in his tomb 
and perkheru gifts, for him the prince, . . . the 
deserving Uau.” On the jambs the prayer is 
to the king and Osiris for provisions. The 
inner jambs record only his titles. On the 
short upper lintel Ptah-seker is the god of 
burial who is acknowledged. The tablet has 
the almost invariable form. The door of the 
stela is divided down the middle to represent 
folding doors secured by two bolts. Scarcely a 
trace remains of the scenes which were painted 
on each side of the stela. On the right were 
sacred oils, on the left perhaps a list of offerings 
and a standing figure beneath. 

West Watt, S. Sipe. Here also a stela 
occupies the middle of the wall. It has been 
almost wholly destroyed, but a portion of the 
tablet preserves an incised female figure, and the 


: ww — ae 
end of the inscription, ZZ | pel [Q 


Here the stela 


G 
We may conclude, therefore, that Atet (Ateta?)’ 
is the surname of Net, the wife of Uau, and. 
that the stela is on her behalf. It was painted 
with green hieroglyphs on a red ground. 
Nothing else remains save “deserving before 
Ptah (-seker ?).” To the left of the stela the 


1 The forms 
of Tehutinekht. 


a a . . . . 
and q interchange. See inscription 
a 


TOMB No. 19, 


sacred oils are depicted, on the right the 
arrangement of the corresponding wall of Meru 
is exactly followed. Uau stands under a white- 
roofed canopy. In two horizontal lines above 
he is given titles 1—6, and styled “deserving 
before Anubis on his hill.” Two broken vertical 
lines before his figure contain the titles 3—5 
and 9, Animals are being driven towards Uau ; 
the figures and inscriptions appear to correspond 
exactly to those in PI. xix, 

S. Wat. In the centre is a shallow recess 
bordered by coloured rectangles, and containing 
traces of the painted figures of Uau and his 
wife. Nothing remains of the ae but 


Uti Jak <> UGG, GYZY, 
SLL LL GYZ, 
ttjyy nae x. and ZY Se YY, . 
YUH $— YU GY 


On the right of the recess is the cases 
design of the deceased sitting at a table, to 


which servants bring provisions. Below it is 


—=_—«-— (1B ; 
tjjy: above has been a list of 

2b ZF ' 

offerings. On the left are four registers. The 


subject of the two uppermost was the slaughter 
of cattle; of the next, the presentation of 
antelopes; of the lowest, shipping (PI. xxiv.z). 

East Watt (Plate xxi.). Following the 
model of the tombs of Serfka and Meru, a 
recess, containing standing statues, occupies the 
On both sides 
of the doorway are incised figures with titles in 
large engraved and coloured hieroglyphs. On 
the south Uau is described as “ deserving before 
Ptah-seker.” * 
Titles 1—5 are given to him, the epithet ‘true 
being attached to the third. On the N. side 
(Plate xxiv.p), Uau is accompanied by his 
wife Net, and his son Meru. 
full list of honours, and his wife Net is described 

“his beloved wife, enthroned in the heart, 
sole ornament of the king.” His son is given 
the title, “First after the king in the Great 
House.” <A pious Copt has thought to sanctify 


greater part of the south end. 


He is here given the surname Au. 


3’) 


Uau is given his 


' The <> has been inadvertently omitted in preparing 
the plate, 


OF UAU-AU. 29 


the heathen sculpture by adding the monogram 
of his own deity to the wall, and, by a curious 
chance, has placed it almost exactly over the 
obliterated name of the ancient god. Near the 
ceiling an inscription, in incised and variously- 
coloured hieroglyphs, extends from this point to 
the S. end of the wall (Plate xxiv.a). It reads— 

“May the king and Osiris . erant as an 
offering perkheru gifts to him in his 
tomb which is in the necropolis, at the 
festival of the opening of the year, the 
festival of Thoth, the wag-festival, the 
festival of the first day of the year, of 
Seker, and of Heat, the Saz festival, 
and the festival of the procession of Min, 
(namely to) the royal chancellor, etc., 


Uau.” 


In line with this, and extending from right to 
left over the niche and figure which are on the 
N. side of the doorway, is a shorter seten di 
hetep prayer, which, being in blue paint only, 
has nearly disappeared. The rest of the wall 
bears only a few traces of the original paintings. 
Uau seems to have been represented as engaged 
in sport and approached by servants with gifts. 
The fragments of his titles overhead contain 
nothing new. 

N. Watt. This wall has not only suffered 
natural deterioration, but has been covered over 
The subject, however, can be 
roughly restored. On the left hand, Uau sat 
before the banquet table. Overhead is a list of 
offerings and the prayer for thousands of gifts 
in two lines (titles 3 to 5). The rest of the wall 
is occupied by several registers of offerings 
above, and below by figures in three registers 
who approach the table with offerings. The 
first of these is the \ Rey Wi Pn SS 


who is evidently Meru, the son of Uau. 


Another, is entitled the a0 J d, and 


two others, holding the same office, follow. 
The last figures in the lowest register are shown 


with mud plaster. 


in Plate xxiv.c, 


30 THE LARGER TOMBS. 


TOMB No. 


18: 


NIN <> 
BELONGING TO ( ao HENENT AND b » ?) Merv. 


(Phares XXIT., XXV., XXVI.) 


Titles of Meru. 
1 f F (?) Governor of the House. 
2 \Z A Royal Chancellor. 


: laa Sole Companion. 


ee) 


Titles of Henent. 
df te p Royal Lady. 


bo 


: ies Sole Royal Ornament. 


3. Wa Priestess of Hathor. 


The romantic situation of this tomb has been 
noticed previously. It has been named after 
the wife of the occupant, because her husband’s 
name was thought to be illegible, and is still a 
little doubtful. The facade (type D) is the 
most completely preserved in the necropolis. 
The recessed face in which the doorway is set 
has a slighter batter than the rest. There are 
three lintels, the uppermost extending across 
the whole length of the facade, the second 
crossing the inner face only, and the third 
(square) spanning the doorway. None show 
sions of inscription. To the S. of the facade 
a raised dais and long seat has been hewn in the 
rock, as though to enable visitors to the tomb 
to enjoy the magnificent view across Heypt 
which is commanded from it. 

The interior of the tomb is very spacious, and 
but for its unfinished state and the rubbish from 
the wells which now encumbers the floor, would 
have a very imposing appearance. It consists 
of two long rooms of almost equal length lying 
parallel with the frontage. They are separated 
from one another by a wall of rock, which has, 
however, been so far removed as to leave some 


doubt as to what the exact intention of the 
designer was. Presumably the tomb in this 
respect is much as it was left originally, and if 
so, the intention must have been to separate 
the two chambers by a row of pillars as in 
Tomb 37. Five were planned, but each one 
is now in a different state of incompleteness 
from its fellows. The central pillar has been 
broken off short at the architrave, and below it 
The rock has 
been removed between the two pillars to the 
north for half the height, leaving a continuous 
wall below, while the pillar nearest the N. wall 


in the floor is now a rough pit. 


has not been separated at all from it on the 
outer side, though a beginning has been made 
within. Of the two pillars to the south, that 
nearest the centre has been completely separated 
from its neighbour except for a slight ledge 
below. Like all the pillars, it is irregular in 
shape and has besides a very deep cutting in its 
N.-E. angle, suggesting, if it be original, that 
the pillars were to be comparatively slender 
and furnished with capitals akin to those in 
Tomb 37. 
to the pillar nearest to it has only had its upper 
half removed, nor could the rest well be hewn 
out until the like had been done for the mass of 
rock behind, which still forms an irregular ledge 


The wall of rock joing the S. wall 


projecting into the mner room. 

The irregular pit in the centre of the tomb 
cannot be original, and may represent an 
abandoned attempt to sink a pit for burial. 

In the outer half of the tomb there are two 
oblong pits and two square shafts. The shaft 
in front of the 8. stela is not deep, for the burial 
vault opens out of it on the W. less than 9 ft. 
below the floor, A rare feature in the vault is 


TOMB No. 15, 


that it contains a list of offerings written 
in black ink on the N. side of its east wall 
(Plate xxvi.). As the N. shaft was already 
empty to a great depth, it seemed to me likely 
that a few hours’ work would give admission to 
the vault, which, if inscribed, might yield the 
name and rank of the husband of Henent. 
Workmen were therefore set to the task, but 
after four days’ labour, in which, owing to the 
large boulders in the shaft, no great progress 
was made, work was abandoned at a depth of 
nearly 48 feet without reaching the vault. 
The oblong pit in front of the S. stela must be 
very shallow as it is over the burial vault. 
Both this and another near the south wall are 
full of rubbish. 

The walls of the outer room have been well 
hewn, but the surface, though good, has not 


been prepared for inscriptions. The N. wall is 


OF TETA-ANKH-IMHETEP 31 


unfinished. On the W. are two similar false 
doors, that on the S. of the doorway inscribed 
for Henent, that on the N. for her husband. 
They are of the usual form, but are provided 
with a high altar in front, that of Henent being 
furnished with basins to receive offerings. The 
N. stela is smaller and of inferior sort, the 
hieroglyphs being only painted on a thin coating 
Consequently little has survived. 
On the outer left-hand jamb can with difficulty 
be detected 


@) \Z | 7 iiHyyyyy~ ox 


of plaster. 


The prayers for Henent are to the king, to 
Osiris, Lord of Dadu, and to Anubis, Lord of 
Sepa. 

The walls of the inner room are very rough. 
The middle portion of the back wall has been 
plastered, and shows traces of Coptic patterns, 


TOMB No. 15; 


—. AAAAA a 
BELONGING TO ies A) a < TETA-ANKH, WITH SURNAME Ii\= - IMHETEP. 


(Pirates XX VIT.—XXX.) 


Titles of the owner :— 
if { F Superintendent of the House. 


bo 


oo jl { Superintendent of the House of 


Pepy. 
ae eee Sole Companion. 


g nN J Lector. 


Sele First after the King in the 
Great House. 
6. SS @8_~ Superintendent of the New 
<a) EN 
Cities. 
ite | wG Staff of the People. 


i— Dek An ka nut. 


G= =@5(?) Constructor of Ships (?). . 


ca 


The tomb of Teta-ankh, whose “‘ good name” is 
Imhetep, is of the customary type, the low 
ledge of rock having been cut back to give a 
more upright face, and the central part still 
further recessed to represent the jambs of the 
This inner face is given a batter of 1 in 
15, and is crossed above by a low band of stone, 


door. 


the doorway itself having a rounded lintel. 
The exterior is rough and weathered, and, as 
usual, has no trace of contemporary inscription, 
but to the S. of the entrance there is a later 
incised inscription by Prince Aha, which is a 
little more full than that in the tomb of Uau 
(Plate xxix.r. For translation see p. 38.) 
There is also a figure of Anubis, no doubt cut 
in mere caprice (Plate xxix.B), 


The tomb consisted of two oblong chambers, | 
but the inner one has been enlarged and altered | 
at a later period. The outer room has bas- 
reliefs on parts of two walls only, a stela, and 
three statues in niches. 
furnished with a small stela, several niches— | 
which, no doubt, once contained statues—and a 
running inscription. In the outer room there 
is a shaft eighteen and-a-half feet deep, with a 
good sized chamber opening out of it on the 
west. The inner room has three pits. That in 
front of the stela has a rough expansion on the | 
S., some four feet down. The rubbish in the | 
pit leaves it doubtful if it contains any other | 
provision for burial. The pit to the E. of this 
has a recess for burial on the W. side, some 
three feet below the floor. On the north is a 
very irregular pit, now full of rubbish. In the 
N.E. corner of this chamber an extension has 
been hewn out subsequently, probably for the 
convenience of inhabitants; for a niche grooved 
to receive a shelf has been provided in the back 
wall. On the S., however, the top and bottom 
of the original E. wall remain. In it were three 
niches, the central one being of larger size, and 
these no doubt held rock-cut statues of Imhetep 
and his wife, for an inscription in honour of 
both extended over the central and southern 
niches. The wall between these latter has 
been cut away to make a more commodious 


The inner chamber is 


divan. 

The sculptured and other decorations of the 
tomb are as follows :— 

Tuickness oF Watts. <A deep rebate has 
been cut round the outer doorway inside, and 
seems to have removed part of the short inscrip- 


tions within the doorway. Only (| oogl ea 


YYZ) b ARO 
tj; l 2D iS : da, can be traced on the 
GGG NY) <a 3 
: YY“Y“NVa_ tyy 
S. side, and ZH tjy on the N. The 
» ant Yor a \ZY 


a rounded lintel (now defaced). On the 
sides of the passage painted figures are dimly 
visible. 


THE LARGER TOMBS. 


Outer CHamper, S. Harr. The most pro- 
minent feature of this wall is the stela, which is 
of the usual form, painted red and inscribed in 


incised hieroglyphs. (Pl. xxviii.) A large 


part of the left side of the door has been 


destroyed since the days of Lepsius, but the 
duplicate text is preserved on the portion 
which is extant. In front of the stela there is 
a semi-circular basin in the floor, no doubt 
ancient and a rough substitute for the little 
troughs of the hetep altar. There were still 
ashes in it, but it is to be feared they were 
those of the last Bedawin who sought the shelter 
of the tomb, and with Eastern indifference 


watched the inscribed hearth cracking under 
_ the heat of his fire. 


The prayers on the lintel are to the king 
and Anubis, that they would grant perkheru gifts 
to him “while offerings last for ever,”* the 
festival days on which the offerings were to be 
paid being mentioned in the prayer to Osiris. 
On the short lintel is a prayer to the king, and 
to Thoth, Ruler of Het-Abet?® (‘“‘ House of the. 
Net,” i.e. Khemennu). The prayers on the long 
jambs run (supplying the lacunae in the text 
from L. D. 113d)— 


“May the King and Anubis, lord of burial, 
He who is on his hill, grant as a grace 
to the Governor . . . lmhetep, that he 
travel on the pleasant (j <—) roads on 
which the deserving travel.” 


“‘May the King and Osiris, Lord of Dadu, 
grant as a grace perkheru gifts to him as 
one deserving before the King, and may 
the heart of his chamber be favourable to 


1 Read 2, 2, 0. Cf. Annales du Service, I. 160. 
2 The khent sign should be of the usual form. The 


reading here must surely be Ad = ek The 


determinative often approximates to a = in shape, and here 
this sign is very broken. The inscriptions in the necropolis 


are not carefully written, 


TOMB No. 15, 


him,’ (saying) in peace, in peace, unto 
the West, as one deserving before the 


reat God.” (Read ae L359 a iN 


8 
\) a re; aah 
| A The inscriptions on the short 
oa jambs read (using the text 
ee completed from Lepsius as ap- 
= pended)— 


“May the Kine and Osiris 


ae \\ grant as a grace that he 
a join the soil and cross 
ep the (heavenly) waters 
be among the excellent 
= spirits who are in the 
| Qg underworld, them who 
= have knowledge of 
<2 things.” 

Yo The second prayer to the 


King and Osiris enumerates the 
festivals at which offerings were 
desired. 

S. of the stela the wall is 
blank. N. of it are reliefs cut 
on a rough surface and in bad 


l A % | condition. The subject (Plate 
7 Xxix.) is the banquet of the de- 
oe ceased. Imhetep and his wife 
- are seated on a chair before 
IN He the table. A servant is repre- 
— & OS sented beneath the chair, and 
. another figure before it, to 
aes whom two names seem to be 
(i 340.5 assigned, Uau and “his son 
Pee ae A mt Imhetep.”’ In the topmost of 


the three registers to the right 
three servants, Mery, Ptah..., 
In the next 


(Suto 


‘and Ptabmes bring gifts of birds. 


1 Translation by Mr. Griffith, who notices that the tomb 
chamber and the Western Land are personified, and their 
favour sought like that of Osiris, 


OF TETA-ANKH-IMHETEP. 33 


a servant leads forward an ox; in the lowest 


an oryx is presented. 
©. Wang.’ "This 
extreme left, where Imhetep sits, clothed in a 
close-fitting tunic, holding a staff in the left, a 
handkerchief in the right hand. 


wall has reliefs on the 


Facing him is 
a smaller figure wearing the long wig and beard 
and a pointed tunic, and holding a staff in his 
right hand. His illegible. Over 
Imhetep’s head are the three lines of titles 
On the right of these 
are hieroglyphs which probably gave the son’s 
titles, but hardly one is legible. In his titles 
here Imhetep is described as “ deserving before 
Anubis, ruler of the Divine House (seh ieter ?) 
and Osiris, Lord of Dadu.” A short hieratic 
eraffito in bad condition is written on this wall. 

Hast Watt, 8. Sinz. This space is occupied 
by three niches, the middle one reaching nearly 
to the ceiling. They contained statues, but 
little or nothing is now left of these. That in 
the N. niche seems to have been a female figure; 
the central one is certainly male. The sides of 
both niches have been notched to 


name is 


figured in Plate xxix.p. 


receive 
shelves; in the southern one the figure has 
been destroyed and a semi-circular apse cut. 
The niches have neatly plastered borders at the 
top and sides which have held inscriptions. 


On the gu: side of the most northern niche is 


Wyss a 

ty, © tj 

tyyy 4 f ty. The fragments of 
GY444—= GGj02 : 


the inscription over the most southern niche 
will be found on Plate xxix.c. 

The rest of the E. wall contains no con- 
temporary decoration or records and seems to 
have received none. The N. wall and the N. 
half of the W. wall are equally blank. But on 
the E. wall near the doorway a commemorative 
inscription by Tehutinekht is engraved in six 
columns of blue incised hieroglyphs. It has 
sustained injury since Lepsius visited the tomb, 
and what has disappeared has therefore been 
added to Plate xxx. from his copy (L. D. ii. 
113 c), the additions being marked by open 
signs, For a translation see p. 39. 

D 


34 
INNER CHAMBER. 
W. Watt, 8. Sipe. Close to the doorway is 
a niche. Of the female figure which it con- 


tained only the feet remain. Adjoining it is a 
very small and poor stela inscribed for Bekhent,’ 
the wife of Imhetep. The stone is covered with 
plaster and the hieroglyphs are incised in this. 
They can only be made out with difficulty 
(Plate xxx). 

The fully-spelt variant of the sign for old 
age is noticeable. 


. The inscriptions are identical on both sides, | 


reading :— 
‘““May the King grant as a grace her rich 


burial anda goodly old age, as of one de- 
serving before the great god, Bekhent.” 


* The name Bekhen determined by a head and another 


sign (a bird ?), occurs in the tomb of Mera (Dargssy, 


Mémoires de Institut Egyptien, T. iii., p. 527), and among | 


the rock graffiti at El-Kab (A. Z., 
117 u), with determinatives which may contain the explana- 
tion of that shown on Plate xxix. 


1875, p. 70; L. D. ii. | 


THE LARGER TOMBS. 


Bekhent is given only the title of Royal 
Acquaintance. 

Tue Sourn Watt contains two niches with 
remains of figures. That on the right is very 
low, the figure seeming to have been only a bust. 

Tue Hast Watu. As has been said, this 
once contained three niches. The inscription 
on the remnant of the original wall above is 
in incised blue hieroglyphs (Plate xxix.a). It 
begins at the N. end of the central niche, a few 
signs of the vertical inscription being also saved. 
Bekhent is described as “his wife, beloved and 
praised by him.” 

H. Watt, N. Sinz. Probably all the niches 
had smoothed edges furnished with inscriptions, 
as some part of a column of hieroglyphs can be 
deciphered on the left side of the niche here. 
They are in black ink, and read 


a5 DQPOGWGGGZH 
(delsal yoy sin 
<= q J — YLWHUYE: 


248 = 0h CYS 


_The name is very doubtful, and some signs, or 


| possibly a figure of Imhetep, follow. 


TOMB No. 22. 


BELONGING TO gol Hepa. 


(Paves XXVII., XXXT.) 


Title of the owner :— 


=a | 
2s N= x 
Department of the Plantations of the 

Great House. 


Superintendent of a 


This small tomb lies above that of Meru and 
is excavated in the cliff proper. Only a rough 
sloping face has been given to the rock outside, 
and the interior contains no other provision for 
~ burial than a small and shallow pit hewn in 
the floor. Probably this was rather to afford 
standing room than burial space, the original 


intention, perhaps, being to excavate a recess 
in the rear wall, where there are signs of 
some such abandoned plan. 

The chamber differs only from the many 
insignificant tombs of the same kind in the 
necropolis by having the KE. and W. walls 
adorned with bas-reliefs of a simple character. 
They are now much injured, and their only 
value is the brief notice they afford of the name 
and rank of the person whose place of burial it 
was. On the E. wall Hepa, who is seated, staff 
in hand, is accompanied by another figure 


TOMB 


(a son?) who is nameless. 
the W. wall he is seated before the banqueting 
table ; on the S. half he stands in pointed tunic, 
staffin hand. In the latter case he is accom- 


On the N. half of | 


panied by the figure of an infant son, the out- | 


line of which has merely been incised in the 


- 


No. 6. 35 
the inscription are treated similarly, others are 
left uncut, and the final characters have dis- 
appeared. The walls of the chamber are very 
rough, and only smoothed to receive the re- 
liefs. These also are coarsely worked, and the 


hieroglyphs are merely incised and painted 


roughest possible way. Some hieroglyphs of | blue. 


TOMB. No. 6. 


The face of the cliff in which this tomb is 
hewn is so much weathered that it cannot be 
determined whether there was a worked facade 
or no. Owing to a soft vein in the rock, the 
S.-W. corner of the outer chamber has given 
way. The sill of the entrance is now more than 
4 ft. above the ground outside. 

There are two chambers, the outer large and 
oblong in shape, the inner low and irregular, 
and furnished with two tunnelled recesses to 
the north and south. A rough pit has been 
excavated in the floor, 
has been closed by a door swinging on pivots. 

The outer chamber is more than 10 feet 
high, but owing to the soft nature of the rock 
and the falling away of the plaster with 
which the walls were faced, it is now very 
rough in appearance. On the N. and S&S. 
sides of the W. wall are large false doors 
above massive altar tables. The surface is 
gone; only on the upper lintel of the northern- 
most can be seen the beginning of a seten di 
hetep prayer (blue incised hieroglyphs). On 
the north wall is a niche with remains of the 
life-size standing figure of a man. On the N. 
half of the E. wall are two similar constructions. 
On the body of the southern figure is a graftito 
in bold red characters :— 


ANAMOIBALL 
bole “ Father Phoebammon, 


and Father Pamoun, 
and Father Kalashire, 
and Father Lots.” 


LICGOH 7 LINE ATIA 


MALIOTCHE 2 LEE ATIA 

OAAASIPG 7 UIE 

ANA ACOTC 
Underneath in finely-formed letters is codoc, 


_and beneath this are two rows of three arched 


At some time the tomb | 
_ with a vertical inscription in two columns. 


niches, like tiny pigeon-holes. The doorway has 
a rebate all round it; over it is the monogram 
1 xe and traces of painted figures facing S. 
The wall to the right of the doorway was 
originally occupied by a large painted figure 
A 
line of large hieroglyphs ran also under the 
ceiling, but scarcely a sign is legible. Under 
the figure near the floor are visible the ends of 
five columns of an inscription which exactly 
corresponds with the restoration record of 
Tehutinekht. Further south is a niche with 
mutilated figure as before, in which a semi- 
circular niche has been fashioned later. There 
is a similar niche in the south wall. From the 
few traces of ink which remain, a list of 
offerings seems to have occupied a large part of 
the S. wall. The chamber is provided with two 
square burial shafts, which are at present filled 
with rubbish to within two or three yards of 


the mouth. 
D 2 


36 THE LARGER TOMBS. 


TOMB No. 39.’ 


“CoPrrTic 


DWELLING.” 


(Pirate XXXII.) 


This chamber is hewn in the rocky slope above 
the tomb of Urarna, and probably belongs to the 
VIth Dynasty, though there is little evidence 
of date. The front is deeply set back in the 
hill-side, and is plain, save for the long lintel 
On each side of 
the doorway a square niche has been fashioned 
and grooved to receive a shelf, suggesting that 
a dwelling was at some time built round the 
outer court. The interior affords a strange 
It is whitewashed, 
and all the available wall space is occupied by 
Coptic 
crosses and graffiti are scarcely needed to inform 
None of the 
present features of the chamber seems to be 
original, and perhaps even the extension on the 
south may be a later addition. A mark on the 
ceiling suggests that the original chamber was 
only half the present depth. It may have been 
left unfinished. The effect of the alterations 
made by the Copts has been to transform the 
ancient sepulchre into a commodious dwelling- 
place, though probably only a Western mind 
would fully appreciate the cool cleanliness of 
this cave dwelling, and the liberal provision of 
cupboards and divans. Mr. Newberry had 
already noted the various ends which the 
On the north of the door- 
way, for instance, is a niche where a porter 
might sit, and in the corner is a rock-cut 


band of stone across the top.” 


contrast to the other tombs. 
arched recesses or smaller square niches. 


us whose handiwork is before us. 


constructions serve. 


stand for holding one of those porous vessels of 
water through the sides of which the liquid 
filters and falls into a basin placed below to 


* Numbered 38 within. 
* Tt faces N.W., but for convenience of description it is 
supposed here to face due W. 


South of the door two shallow 
divans have been hollowed out of the wall; they 
have a vaulted ceiling and are connected by a 
little aperture which would be convenient for 
In the S. wall 
is another and larger recess of this sort, and on 
the E. side is a fourth, with a smaller one on 
each side, which would hold single persons. At 
one or both ends of the divan are raised ledges 
to support a cushion or mat. The upper part 
of most of these niches is decorated in a simple 
way by red, yellow, or black lines, which 
mark out the space into rectangles crossed by 
They are bordered by broad red 
bands, by a border formed by a zig-zag line 
between two parallels, and having a spot in 
each triangle, or by a simple succession of 


receive it. 


speech between the occupants, 


diagonals. 


squares containing a spot. On the ceiling of 
one are three Coptic crosses with the sacred 
monogram AW. The south divan, which is 
evidently the place of honour, has a cupboard 
niche at the back, and a raised ledge of rock for 
the feet in front. Close to this is a tiny niche, 
which we may judge, from its shape and 
blackened condition, to have held the lamp 
of the household (Mr. Newberry.) The walls 
appear to have received three successive coats 
of whitewash, the lower two of which are 
decorated. Some fragmentary Arabic and 
Coptic graffiti are to be seen. Others in the 
latter tongue may be hidden under the coating, 
for one of some length (thirteen short lines), but 
too broken to admit of translation, is visible in 
the northernmost niche on the E. wall. 


5 Tt contains a date, but Mr. Crum is unable to decide 
between 751 and 1151 a.p 


TOMB No. 37. 37 


TOME. No. 37 = 


“Pinar Come: 


(PLateE XXXIV.) 


This tomb, with No. 39, is on an intermediate | 


level between the lower and the upper ranges. 
The long facade has recessed jambs, surmounted 
by a lintel band. It is plain, from the débris 
of mud-brick walls and from other signs, that 
a Jean-to dwelling was erected against the front 
wall at some period. The entrance has a round 
lintel. 

The main chamber within is oblong in shape 
and of imposing dimensions, which now are the 
more apparent since the row of pillars, which 
originally supported the roof and divided the 
chamber along its length, is broken away. 
Nothing remains but the four capitals and the 
foot of one of the columns. They no longer have 
any value, either as supports or as decorations, 
yet in the history of architecture these rem- 
nants may have a unique place. The pillars 
are without marked abacus or base, but an 
architrave has been left above, and a pilaster 
against each wall. The pillar was thus left 
plain and square, tapering slightly towards the 
top. The northernmost capital, which is the 
shallowest, and has a somewhat more finished 
outline than the others, has also grooves in 
the middle of the four sides, the four corners 
being in this case rounded off instead of show- 
ing a sharply defined angle.” The grooves are 
but rough and taper away towards the top. 
This type is quite unknown, and the appearance 
of all four capitals suggests an unfinished state. 
If then we seek the final form, we can hardly 


find it elsewhere than in the open lotus flower 


‘ Numbered 39 over the door within. 
* The quatrefoil section projected on the floor in Plate 
xxxiy. is rather too pronounced and regular, 


capital, depicted on the sides of the pillars in 
the tomb of Khunes*(L. D. i. 57), and in bas- 
reliefs (Plates ix., x.). The abacus there shown 
might still have been provided here, though 
the northernmost capital is somewhat shallow 
this. With what amount of detail the 
architect intended the capitals to be furnished 
when cut out of living rock cannot be de- 
termined. The remains we have here do not 
promise a very successful issue to what was, 
perhaps, a unique experiment. 


for 


The walls of the main chamber are very 
regularly hewn, but have not been given a 
sufficiently fine surface for bas-reliefs. They 
must have been intended to remain bare, or to 
receive an overlay of plaster. On the N. side 
of the W. wall is a little square recess, on each 
side of which is a little pilaster with a decorated 
capital, cut as a bas-relief. It is of course a 
late addition. | 

A. small shrine, raised three steps above the 
outer chamber, opens out of the east wall 
opposite the entrance. <A deep lintel has been 
left above the doorway, but this, like all the rest 
of the tomb, carries no inscription. The inner 
chamber is very small and low ; rough recesses 


have been hewn on three sides. 


* The shaft of the column in this example is not only 
tapering, but is divided into two rounded shafts. The 
evident intention of the artist is to represent conveniently a 
column composed of four stems or shafts as at Beni Hasan 
(L. D. i. 60). Now, on the fragment of pillar left on the 
floor in Tomb 37 there are indications of rough grooves in 
the middle of two of the sides. They might be treated as 
accidental were it not for the coincidence, which suggests 
that the pillars also were not finished but intended to be 
quatrefoil in section, and perhaps, also, to be furnished with 
a slight circular base. 


38 THE LARGER TOMBS. 


The provision for burial is not quite lke 
that adopted in any other of the large tombs. 
Trenches in the floor near the doorway of the 
shrine suggest that a shaft had been contem- 
plated. In the end it was decided to avoid the 
difficulty of lowering the coffin down a narrow 
shaft, by making the approach to the vault a 
downward slope. The quarrymen, therefore, 
ran a gallery into the face of the 5. wall at 
its W. corner, but had made no calculation to 
avoid the small tombs outside. Consequently, at 
their first attempt they ran into no less than 
three of these (87 ) and ¢ and 38). Forced to 
abandon this gallery, they drove a similar one a 
little further to the east, and running steeply 
down till they thought themselves out of danger, 
decreased the slope and excavated a good sized 
chamber at the end. In doing so, however, 
they once more broke into the chamber of. a 
pit-tomb (No. 87a). Perhaps the short gallery 
in the N. wall represents a third enterprise. 
The unintelligent nature of much of the work 


at Sheikh Said could not be better illustrated. 


12. THe CoMMEMORATIVE LyscripTions.! 


A feature of the tombs at Sheikh Said is, or 
rather was, the later inscriptions added by 
descendants of the ruling families, who, on 
visiting the ancient necropolis of the capital in 
which their ancestors rested, took this form of 
showing their reverence for those who had pre- 
ceded them. The intervening years or centuries 
had been deeply troubled ; but when at length 
settled suzerainty again gave importance to the 
nomarchs they were glad to strengthen their 
new-found dignity by claiming descent (perhaps 
on slender grounds) from the former rulers, who 
were buried either at Sheikh Said or in that 
ravine to the north where later chiefs, seeking 


* See also Griffith in El Bersheh ii., p. 10. 


it may be during times of conflict a more secure 
site than the banks of the Nile afforded, had 
hewn out modest sepulchres, and so formed the 
nucleus of that necropolis of the Middle Kingdom 
known to us by the name of El Bersheh. 

The first to show these marks of attention 
to the sepulchres of the earlier princes of the 
nome was one Aha, “‘ Hu-prince and superinten- 
dent of the royal house,” who incised upon the 
outer wall of the tomb of Imhetep (Plate xxix.x) 
the words, ‘This was done for himself, as his 
monument to his fathers who were before him.” ” 
He repeated it in ashorter form on the doorway 
of the tomb of Uau.’ This record of homage 
and remembrance seems itself to have constituted 
the memorial; no mention is made of any re- 
habilitation of the tomb. Additional inscriptions 
of Aha may have existed at Sheikh Said; other- 
wise the selection of these two tombs would seem 
to have been founded on some knowledge of his 
ancestry. The date of Prince Aha has not been 
determined ; his memorial seems at any rate to 
have been earlier, and perhaps more: sincere, 
than the longer and more pretentious inscription 
of the nomarch Tehutinekht, who claimed to 
have been the first to rescue the tombs of his 
forefathers from the decay into which they had 
fallen. An inscription to this effect, and re- 
peated in identically the same terms, was set 
by him in a prominent position in the tombs of 
Meru (L. D. ii. 112e; see Plate xxi.), Uau 
(ib. 113b, now gone), Imhetep (Plate xxx.’), 
Tomb 6 (only the ends of the columns remain 
and do not include the name), and a tomb at El 
Bersheh (Hl Bersheh ii., pp. 11,57). In the 
last case the fragments of the inscription, in- 


cluding the name, everywhere support its 


iB. GG: 


* Reading Ses ‘e 
SX BES 1 2b 
a 


* The solid signs represent what is left of the inscription ; 
the open signs give the additions contained in L. D. 1. 1138¢. 


THE COMMEMORATIVE INSCRIPTIONS. 39 


identity with that at Sheikh Said! The re- 
cords, which are in all cases in small incised 


blue hieroglyphs, seem to have been the object 


of special malice or greed; only fragments of 
them remain. The inscription is translated by 
Mr. Griffith as follows (Hl Bersheh ii., p. 10)?:— 


“ This was done for himself as his monument | 


to his fathers who are in the necropolis, 


the possessors of this spot, making firm | 


that which was found ruined,’ renewing 
what was decayed, when behold‘ this 
had not been done by the ancestors who 
stood in former days,’ by the /u-prince, 
regulator of the two thrones, superin- 
tendent of the priests,’ superintendent 
of the king’s house, superintendent of 
the South Country,’ great chief of the 
Hare Nome, mighty in his office, great 


‘ The tomb consists of a small chamber with two wells 
(not square), a niche, a recess, and a short gallery. It con- 
tains no trace of original inscriptions, but is daubed with 
Coptic crosses. The inscription is on the back wall. 

? The text followed will be for convenience that of Plate 
xxx,, the lacunae being supplied from the other examples as 
given by Lepsius, or made good from existing fragments. 
The few variants in the text will be noticed. 


> Read Ss XK Yop te. 
ant RSMAS 
* Read a Y a SK _o. 

° Read eae 

* Read <> de 


in his dignity, of advanced station in 
the king’s house,* Tehutinekht, born of 
Teta.” ® 

Mr. Fraser notes the name ‘ Tehutinekht, 


born of Teta,’ in a tomb on the south side of 


| the, Wady Deir en Nakhleh (Hl Bersheh ii., 


p. 65), but we are not informed whether it is 
in the small blue hieroglyphs which characterize 
the commemorative inscriptions, or whether it 
would point to Tehutinekht as the owner of 
the grave. It may have been the recognition 
of names favoured by his family rather than an 
exact knowledge of his descent which led 
Tehutinekht to choose these tombs at Sheikh 
Said as those of ancestors. The wives of Uau 
and Meru were called Teta, apparently ; and 
Imhetep’s other name was Teta-ankh. The 
names Serfka and Urarna, on the other hand, 
may well have sounded archaic, for they were 
not common in their own time. It may be 
remarked that in none of the tombs containing 
his inscription is there the least trace of 
renewal or restoration. Yet in most, if not all 
of them, there were walls half decorated, or 
scenes left unsculptured, which it would have 
been a commendable act of piety to complete. 
The renovation therefore seems to have been, at 
the best, of a superficial sort, and to have set 
an example of self-advertisement pranking as 
piety which the New Kingdom was not slow to 
adopt and improve upon. 


40 THE STORY OF THE 


NECROPOLIS. 


D1I—THE : STORY (OF VE SNe Or Oilits 


Op 


deficient in personal data. 


Kingdom. tombs are commonly very 


Even brief bio- 


graphical notices are rare, and any mention of | 


parentage rarer still ; and though casual indica- 
tions of the reign during which the occupant 
lived are not infrequent, they are seldom con- 
If no more than this is to be looked 
for, it can hardly be expected that the scanty 
ruins of Sheikh Said, where the finger of time 


clusive. 


or of man has often destroyed, as if maliciously, 
the one word which might have proved the clue 
to an item of history, will throw much inde- 
pendent light on the dim story of provincial life 
in Egypt during the Old Kingdom. What the 
evidential value of the fragments gathered 
together in this volume may be, time will 
determine: it is only too likely that they will 
comprise the whole monumental record of the 
Hare Nome prior to the XIth Dynasty. 

South of the Faiyim, records of the Ancient 
Kingdom first become numerous in the XIth 
Dynasty, even if we count the brief and difficult 
inscriptions rescued from destruction at Abydos 
by the practical genius of Professor Petrie. 
Neither in Middle nor in Upper Egypt is there 
a supply of material for the history of the 
IVth and Vth Dynasties like that afforded by 
the cemeteries of Médum, Saqqireh, and Gizeh. 
Recurring gaps in the histories of the provincial 
capitals, as recovered from their cemeteries, 
demonstrate the instability of the conditions on 
which the prosperity and culture of a district 
depended; though, of course, changes in style of 
burial need not have run perfectly parallel with 
changes in the life of the people. It seems as 
though at this time a high level of culture could 
only be gained by concentration round the seat 


of government. What the capital gained in 


brilliance and power must often have been 
drawn from the provinces, and they could only 
recoup themselves by a close association with the 
metropolis such as they were little inclined to 
seek voluntarily. As the seat of government 
shifted and the strength of its administrative 
hold on a province waned, great and sudden 
changes might take place in Nomes which had lost 
or failed to acquire independent life and culture. 
We might apply to Egypt a conception which 
they themselves held of the realm of the dead, 
of which one division only at a time was 
brilliantly illuminated by the passing of the 
Divine King and his train, the rest of the land 
and its inhabitants being visited by the dawn or 
left in darkness according as the transient glory 
advanced or receded. | 
Such a brief illumination of the Hare Nome 
may be represented by the existence at Sheikh 
Said of the two tombs (Nos. 24 and 25) belonging 
to SerFKA(?) and Urarna. Since the tombs 
adjoin one another, and the eldest son of the 
former bears not only the rare name Urarna 
(“Great is that which I have done”),* but also 
the local princely title, it is more than probable 
that these high officials were father and son. 
The former was priest of Khufu and Userkaf; the 
latter of Ne-user-ra. The period between Userkaf 
and Ne-user-ra was probably considerable, but 
might have been covered by the combined rule 


of father and son. But there is no need to 


* The only occurrences of the name known to me are on 
the stela of Thethy in the British Museum (Liesiern, Dict. 
10, reign of Khafra?) and Mar. Mon. D. 20 (about this 
period ?). The three modes of writing the 1st person sin- 
gular are interestingly exemplified by the name GS “” 

‘Se ane Sor ee a 
) . 


<a <o~—. 


Vru AND Vira DYNASTIES. Al 


suppose that Serfka’s priesthood of Userkaf was 
exercised during the lifetime of that king, since 
that of Khufu certainly was not so held. The 
great superiority of the tomb of Urarna in 
artistic merit is easily accounted for, if, as seems 
likely, it is not the work of local artists, but of 
a celebrated craftsman, whose services were 
sought for the purpose. Nevertheless, such 
initiative would show that Urarna was not 
destitute of the spirit which his father had 
encouraged by the name he bestowed upon him ; 
a name in which may perhaps be detected 
the ambition of a house raised to unusual 
honours. The titles assumed by these two Vth 
Dynasty princes are different from those borne 
by the later rulers of the district, though similar 
to those in use at this period in the Oryx and 
Heracleopolite Nomes. It may be that such 
titles as “ Leader of the land of Un,” belonged 
to the territorial nobles of Middle Egypt before 
unity of administration prevailed throughout 
the land, and the king became the sole source of 
honours. 
is a title almost unknown outside this Nome.” * 

With the death of Urarna comes a great 
break in the official history of the Nome. If 
at the accession of the Vth Dynasty, or soon 


‘Superintendent of the new towns ” 


afterwards, we may imagine a closer alliance of 
the province with the capital, and a consequent 
development of the former—reflected in the 
inscribed tombs which now appear in the 
necropolis of its chief city—this had but a short 
life, and perhaps in its lapse foreshadowed the 
fall of the dynasty. That there was a break in 
fact as well as in records is shown by the dis- 
appearance of certain titles, and the appearance 
of others which the two earlier rulers had not 
held. The 
necropolis of the Oryx Nome at Zaiwiyet el 
There also 


Nor was it peculiar to this nome. 


Meiyitin shows the same features. 
two large inscribed tombs (L. J). i. 57, 2 and 6) 


1 Tt is held by Nek-ankh at Telneh. 


are found which appear to be contemporary 
with Tombs 24 and 25, and are followed by a 
gap of about the same duration. Assa, whose 
reign seems to have been full of brilliance at 
the capital, may have lost his hold none the 
less on the more distant parts of his kingdom." 
At any rate it was about this time that the 
tombs of Sheikh Said relapsed into the poverty 
and inarticulateness from which they had so 
suddenly emerged. 

It is not perhaps a coincidence that the re- 
awakening is synchronous with the rule of a 
new dynasty, and it would be as easy to con- 
jecture as it would be difficult to establish a 
connection between the two events; for we 
know nothing of what the rise of the VIth 
Dynasty meant. 

It is difficult to say whether Imhetep, whose 
proper name is Teta-ankh, and who is Governor 
of the House of Pepy, or Meru-Beba, who held 
a similar office (for Teta as well?), is to be 
regarded as the first to reassume full official 
On the 
whole, Imhetep seems to have the better claim.’ 
The two have much the same titles. The 


titles SX Bre: 0 t= and those of the 
ee S 


royal priesthoods cease to be held, and are 


dignities and duties in the nome. 


superseded by an heqa het as highest title, 
accompanied by tep kher seten per aa, semer 
wati and kheri heb, and to these Imhetep and 
Meru add the two offices, often held together, 
of an ka mut and med rekhyt.* 


2 Mr. Griffith suggests as an alternative that centraliza- 
tion round the court of a strong king sapped the life of the 
provinces. 

’ It must be admitted that there are several features in 
the form of his tomb which speak for the later date sug- 
gested by its situation. 

‘ It is noticeable that the princes of the Oryx Nome were 
holding priesthoods of ‘‘the house of the ka of Pepy,” 
while those of the Hare Nome were holding this governor- 
ship of the house of Pepy ; never vice versd. Throughout 
this dynasty the latter no longer held offices connected with 
the cult of the deified king. 


42 THE STORY 
Imneter hewed out his tomb in a projecting 
shelf of rock, as his predecessors had done, and 
the very rough and incomplete bas-reliefs witness 
to the difficult resuscitation of an art which, in 
this locality, had never got beyond a crude 
stage. The extensive decoration of the inner 
chamber, and the provision of a false door in it, 
were innovations, the former of which was not 
followed by his successors. 

Meru evidently rose to greater dignities, and 
his tomb shows a considerable advance in artistic 
standards; for, though the work in general is 
poor, the statues and hieroglyphs on the east 
wall of the outer chamber bore a brave appear- 


ance. Meru assumes for the first time the title 


“Royal Chancellor,” and “Superintendent of | 


the South,” the latter perhaps an honorary 
rather than an administrative office, or having a 


more restricted scope than is suggested by the | 


name. 
no other prince of this Nome holds (Nos. 5, 12, 
13, 14 in the list, p. 24). His wife shares with 


him the priesthood of Hathor. This greater 


importance may be due to a better under- | 


standing with the reigning king, whose “‘ House” 


and the offices associated with it are given | 


unusual prominence. Meru may perhaps have 
been the son of Imhetep. He selected a site for 
his tomb near that of the father of Urarna, and 
followed its example in furnishing the inmost 
chamber with seated statues of himself and his 
wife. A son, Uau, appears to have been his heir. 

Uau, therefore, whose tomb (No. 19) is next 
in situation and whom other considerations 
place next in sequence, may be regarded as the 
Although the occurrence of the 
title “‘ Governor of the House of Pepy” is very 
doubtful, it is probable that Uau lived during 
the long reign of Pepy IL.’ With him the 


son of Meru. 


‘ The association of Tehutinekht, son of Tehutinekht, 
Great Chief of the Hare Nome, &c., with a cartouche of 
Mery-Ra (Perrig, Tell el Amarna, P1. xliv.) can only be one 
of juxtaposition, as the inscription is as closely parallel in 


Four offices are assigned to him which > 


_ by the clumsy sculptors (v. p. 26). 


OF THE NECROPOLIS. 


title “Superintendent of the New Towns” 
drops out of use, and the important dignities 
of “ Ha-Prince and Great Chief of the Hare 
Nome” appear for the first time in this Nome. 
The latter title seems to have come in with the 
VIth Dynasty.” It represents, perhaps, the 
confirmation by the king of the rule of the 
hereditary prince of the Nome. As heir of the 
ruling family he is “ Mati”; when his succes- 
sion to the rulership of the house is sanctioned 
by his suzerain he becomes “Great Chief.” Art 
was at so low a level in Khemennu that the 
designer of tomb scenes found his outlines spoilt 
It was very 
difficult, besides, to obtain an even surface for 
bas-reliefs in tombs excavated in the mountain 
side. 
into use for the inscriptions on stelae and else- 
where, and now the further step downward was 


Incised hieroglyphs had already come 


taken of coating the rough walls with plaster and 
painting the scenes on this foundation. The tomb 


of Uau is in a transition stage, and includes 


several methods of decoration, but bas-reliefs 
have disappeared. Uau had a son Meru, whose 
titles indicate him to be the intended or actual 
successor of his father. In the absence of 
evidence to the contrary, therefore, we may 
assume his identity with the owner of the next 
tomb (No. 18), whose name and titles, if they 


have been correctly read, closely coincide. 


style and titles to the records of the princes of the Middle 
Kingdom at El Bersheh as it is diverse from those of the 
Old Kingdom at Sheikh Said. Frazer records that the 
cartouche is separated from the rest of the inscription by a 
line cut in the stone, and concludes that they are of different 
periods. (Proceedings Soc. of Bib. Archaeology, xvi. 3). 
But the cartouche also, as given by Petrie, is suspicious in 
form. Can it be that of Ka-meryra of the [Xth—xXth 
Dynasties, and the connection still be possible ? 

* This may be the first mention in Egyptian history of 
the Great Chieftainship. Aba, however, who was given 
this office in the Du-e/ Nome by Merenra, may be a little 
earlier (Deir el Gebréwii.). It does not occur at Zawiyet 
el Meiyitin, though the title Hati appears once there 
(Tomb 10). 


CONCLUSION. 43 


The tomb of Uau had been boldly cut in the 
cliff itself instead of 
Meru II. emulated this by going half way up 
the cliff for a site. 
the skill of the quarryman, and even he was 
not allowed to complete his task. 
succession in the line of degradation is seen in 
the bare walls of his tomb, on which no plaster 
remains or perhaps was ever laid. The two 
false doors for husband and wife are found here, 
as in the tomb of Uau, but are provided with 
square altars, on which they stand. That of 
Meru is inscribed only in paint. 

Following the northward sequence of tombs 
past several intervening chambers of small size, 
we find two large tombs in the cliff face (Nos. 6 
and 3), which, like the tomb of Meru IL., were 
furnished with two false doors and altars in the 
outer room, and decorated for the most part with 
paintings on plaster. No. 6, therefore, which 
contains a restoration inscription by Tehutinekht, 
and perhaps No. 3 also, may be assigned to 
laternomarchs. Tomb 37, from its architectural 
similarity to the tomb of Meru and Henent, 
might be assigned to the same period, but the 
absence of stelae and the changed place of burial 
throw it out of the line of succession. It is 
Tomb 39 retains nothing 


in the lower terraces. 
But the interior only shows 


Meru’s 


princely only in size. 


| original by which its relative position can be 


assigned. The tomb of Hepa alone remains to 


show that inscribed tombs were not the 


monopoly of princes. The position of his tomb 
and his name would suggest that he lived in 
the early years of the VIth Dynasty, and the 
rough bas-reliefs have a certain likeness to those 
of Imhetep. 

In spite then of the unpromising nature of 
the materials at Sheikh Said, we can trace, as 
in a worn and broken mirror, some of the 
varying fortunes of this province, and may hope 
that our attempts to reconstruct its history 
during the Old Kingdom will be somewhat less 
hazardous in future, 
broken, lines of evidence enable a sequence of 
records to be established; and if little can yet 
be done to clothe this with history, the shadowy 
outline which it makes possible will no doubt 
take a firmer shape in the slowly gaining light. 
Here as elsewhere the end of the Old Kingdom 
is lost in almost complete darkness. As for the 
relics of those widely separated days, when 
Christianity had expelled the ancient religion 


The converging, though 


only to prove in its turn helpless before Islam, 
these merely suffice to show that the old 
necropolis had then a fresh story to tell, had 
art once more given it speech. 


(Proper names 


Administration in Egypt . 
AHA. 
Akhenaten, ae 
3 stela of . 
Alabaster workers, settlement of 
Altar of offerings 
“© An ka mut”’ 
Animals in Coptie decveton 
5, presentation of 
Anubis, prayers to 
Apes : : 
Apse in tomb of Urarna . 
Arabic graffiti . : 
Archaeological Survey, 1892. 3) 
Architecture of rock tombs 
Art at Sheikh Said, quality of . 
Artificers . 
Artist named 
», vocation of ancient 
Assa, king 
Aten, worship of 
ATET 


Banquet depicted 
Besa (see MERU). 
BEHESY 
BEKHENT . 
Brick walls 

,, dwellings 
Bricks, size of . 
Burial shafts 
Burials of late date . 


Canoe, papyrus 

Canopy depicted 

Capital, form of 

Carpenters 

Carter, Mr. How ara 

Ceremonies, depiction of religious 
Christian era, relics of 


vie LO alee, Wal 


44 


1) Napa 


: aS | 
28, 31, 38 
20; 6 

5) 


8, 31, 32, 35, 43 


24, 31 
: ; 6 
25, 26, 29 


11, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 


19; 13, 19 
16 

- ab 

me 10 

5, 28 


a1, 26, 28, S 42 


ees) 
15, 18 
18 
41 


d, 6, 11, 17, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35 


. 4,6 


23, 24 
19, 25, 29 
37 

13 


13, 18 
4, 6, 43 


| Colours employed 
‘‘ Constructor of ships ” 
Cooking depicted 
Coptic decorations 

» graffiti . 

5, occupation of ae 
Copts, defacement by 
Cordia myxa . 
Crew of boat represented . 
Cupboard, rock cut . 


Danvu, city of . 
Dancing . 

Dating, means of 
Davies, Miss L. 

Deyr abu Fam . 
Disfigurement of ouawe 
Divans in dwellings . 
Diversions of Ancients 
Dogs 

Dwarfs 

Dwellings 


El Bersheh, necropolis of 
Eshmuneén, town of . 


Facade, types of 

», batter of 
False doors 
Festivals enumerated 
‘« First after the king”’ 
Fishing 
Flax-harvest 
Fowling . : 
Fraser, Mr. Geo. 
Frescoes . 


Galleries for burial . 
Gisr el Agiz 
Glass, dating by 


. 6, 8, 25, 28, 31, 32, 35, 


occurring in the tombs are printed in Capitals.) 


16 

RE 

18, 24 

4, 7, 14, 16, 30, 36 
4, 16, 29, 35, 36 

. 4, 16, 36 

. 14, 15, 16, 26 
Fite: 

2 . 23 

15, 32, 36 


. 25, 30, 32, 33 
12,18 

4, 5, 43 

vi 

; ae le 

12, 15, 17, 26 
4, 36 

13, 17, 08 

12, 19 

12, 13 

. 4, 8, 9, 36550 


1, 2, 10, 38 
. dee 


6, 11, 14, 24, 30, 31, 36, 37 
7, 24, 31 
42, 43 
95, 29, 33 

. 94, 27, 29, 31 
13, 24 

. 

23, 24 

. 2, 39, 42 

16, 28, 42 


6, 38 
5 
4 


“‘ Governor of the House ”’ 
“ Great Chief ”’ 

“‘ Great House,”’ the 
Griffith, Mr. F. Ll. . 


Ha-prince 

Hare Nome, the 

Harvesting depicted. 

Hathor 

Hay, Robert 

HENENT . 

Hepa 5 : 

Heracleopolite Nome 

Hermopolis, town of 
Ar temple of 

Het-ABET 

Het-nub . 

Hieratic graffito 


IMHETEP (= TETA-ANKR) . 
Inscribed inner chamber . 
Isbayda 


Ka-HAP : 
‘“‘ Keeper of accounts ” 
KHEMMENNU, town of 
‘‘ Kherp heb”’ . 
Kaur, priest of 
Khunes, tomb of 
Kiosk depicted 

Knout used by drovers 


Lamp, niche for 

‘« Leader of the land” 
‘‘ Lector ”’ . 
Lepsius, copies by . 


Lintel bands 

,, of doorway 
List of offerings 
Lotus-flower columns 


Marsh scenes . 
Mat-work represented 
Mellawi-el-Arish 
Memphis . 
MENHETEP 
Mera, tomb of . 
MERTITEFS 
Meru (= Besa) 
», (son of Meru). 
» (son of Uau) . 


INDEX. 


. 14, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31, 42 
27, 42 

14, 24, 27, 31, 34 

. 2, 10, 33, 38, 39, 41 


. 27, 28, 38, 42 
1, 14, 15, 27, 39, 40 ff. 
12, 19, 21 
. 24, 27, 30, 41 
2, 10 
3, 30, 31, 43 
, 3, 34, 43 
41 | 
1, 32 
5 
33 


10, 31 ff., 38, 41, 42, 43 
ily 
10 


11 


; 21 | 
1 De Bian Pa Bye 
29 | 


: 11, 40, 41 
oD, 14 toe hi, 18523537 
17 
21 


: . 36 
10, 14, 41 
24, 27, 31 


i LOSs i ett) 15.895 25,20) 


28, 32, 33, 39 

5 . 6, 11, 28, 30, 36, 37 
6, 11, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37 
. 12, 26, 29, 35 

17, 30, 37 


: : ; | 
3, 10, 24 ff., 38, 41, 42 
es 

29, 42 


Meru II. (husband of Henent) 


Merry ; 
Metal workers . 
Musicians 


NEBY : : 
Necropolis of late date 
NEFERTETA 
Nestor de l’Héte 
Net é : 
Net, house of the 
NE-USER-RA, priest of 
Newberry, Mr. P. 

. Mr. J. 


| Numbering of tombs 


Oblong burial shafts 
Ornament-making depicted 
Oryx Nome, the 

Osiris, prayers to 


| Pavement outside tombs . 


Prry, king 
Per-Zehuti 

Petrie, Professor 
Piankhy, stela of 
Pilasters, decorated . 
Pillars in rock tombs 


_Pit-tombs 


Plaster laid over bas-reliefs 
Plaster masks . 
Plough, Egyptian 
Ploughing depicted . 
Pottery, dating by 
Priesthood 

Prisse, copies by 
Provinces, prosperity of 
PTAHMES . 

PTAHKHUU 

Ptahseker 


Quarries, ancient 
Quarrymen, work of 


Receptacles sunk in pavement . 


Recess with pilasters 
Roman pottery. 

‘“‘ Royal Acquaintance ” 
‘* Royal Chancellor ”’ 

** Royal Lady ” 

“ Royal Wab-priest ” 


10, 30, 42, 43 
33 


28 

I Re 

14, 40 

vi, 3, 4, 6, 10, 36 

vi, 10 

3, 4, 6 

5 

eile: 

: F 14, 41 
25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33 


: . ; . 4 
24, 26, 28, 31, 41, 42 
: : fea! 
4,10, 22, 40, 42 
ee! 

16, 37 

15, 30, 37 

4,9; 1, 8; 9). 08 

los Tieng 


(or) 


11, 14, 24, 27, 30, 40 
vi, 2, 10, 11, 19, 25, 26 
40 


37 
a cei 
13, 14, 16, 24, 34 
. 24, 27, 30, 41 

5 SG 

iis 12 


46 


“Sab ad mer”’. : ‘ ‘ 
« Sab Superintendent of Writing ”’ 
Sacred oils 

Sandals : : 
Sarcophagus-shaped graves 
Scribes depicted 

Seed-sowing represented . 

‘« Sem-master of all tunics ”’ 

‘« Sem-priest”” . 

Sepa, city of 

SERF-KA . : s 
Settlement of stone-workers 
Sheep treading in the seed 
Sheikh Said, the tomb of . 
Shipping depicted 

Shmun, town of 

Sickles, shape of flint 


Slaughter of cattle depicted 

‘« Sole Companion ”’ 24, 27, 
‘Sole Royal Ornament”? . 

Square burial shafts . 

‘« Staff of the people ”’ , é : 
Statutes, rock cut 1 LD do: 265 29) 


Stela, boundary 5 
‘‘ Superintendent of Fortresses ” 
‘« Superintendent of Quays ”’ 

‘« Superintendent of Rescripts ”’ 


«« Superintendent of the New Towns ” 
‘“« Superintendent of the Royal House ”’ 
‘«« Superintendent of the South ” 2 Yells 
Table of offerings 12, 18, 26, 


TEHUTINEKHT . 


Teta, king 
TETA : : i 
TrTa-ANKH (see IMHETEP). 


ale es 


ee 


3) 


11, 14, 


a inscription of 10, 26, 28, 33, 35, 
; 5 iG). 


INDEX. 


. 24 , Thoth 3 : 
24,27 | Threshing floor depicted . 
25, 28, 29 | Tombs, lower range of 
chad SS) », numbering of 
; .4,5 ,, southern group of 
WE DP Oy », types of 
20, Qill » unfinished 
4 oe »,  uninseribed . 
16, 26, 27 », Upper range of 
F . 25, 30 | Tomb 3 
3, 10 ff., 39, 40 ae) 
5 ” 14 
20 at 
ao ao) 
14, 29 2 
1 
29. 
; c Uau (=A 
ig pa cogue pee 
y7 Sonof Mer). 
29, 30; 3i 
,, (son of Imhetep) 
30 : 
: Unicorn 
on 31 URARNA : : 
i : » (son of Serf-ka) 
32, 33, 30 , : 
UsrkaF, priest of . 
5, 6 tin & 
T, city of 
10 
BPA 
' 10, 14 Wady Deir en Nakhleh 
94 31. 41 9 el Gamiis 
; 38 ,, 4ebaida . 
94, 27, 41° Water-stand 
’ | Wheat harvest . 
29, aoe 35 Wilkinson 2 Q 
: _ 49 | Wives of deceased figured 
38, 39, 43 
94,26, 41 | Zan. : : ; 
27, 39 | Zawiyet el Meiyitin . 


Zebaida, chapel of 


25, 29, 32 
22, 93 


3, 35, 38, 43 

. >) 
4, 10, 37, 38, 43 
. 4, 36, 43 
og 


3, 10, 27 ff., 38, 42, 43 
27, 42 

33 

o> aaa 
3, 4, 10, i1, 16 ff., 39, 40, 41 
11, 1 

11, 40, 41 

25, 28 


36 
. 22, 
10, 11 


. 11, 12, 15, 23, 27,2938 


: : oy Be 
12, 14, 27, 41, 42 
2G 


—<—— ee ee 
PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, ST, JOHN’S HOUSF, CLERKENWELL, £.C, 


ERRATUM. 


In the titles of Prarrs IIL to VI. read Serfka (?) eons 
“Urarna I.”, and in those of Prares VII. to XVI. read “Urarna” 


for “ Urarna IT.” he 


‘ 


| 
GENERAL SURVEY OF THE NECROPOLIS. Piate | 


SHEIKH SAID. 
} 


] = 


Ni 
\\ \Y 


N 


Level terrece under final ridge. | 
280 Frobere fhe culfirefien- | 


\\’s 

WY i) 

a i) Way 
yas 


> 
\\Y 


PL 
Na. ‘| 


\\ 


WSS 
\\ 


| ANNC7, HN 
TT SN Aes ion) 
CAN oe My IS NW tijd aN 
4 ZL; AS 


SN 
= 


AS 
ZEZEN 
WH DX 
ZZ 
=S 


WWS 


TY y, 
THR WZ 


\ 
IN \ 


st 
, 


S> 


YW 


IX Z : ‘NY \\\ WY], Y, SS 
ON io 
N WZ ae 


Vy 


Uf, 
wy 
SSS 


G 


/) 
Zee 
SS 


Ly MI) 
Lj) l) 


OSS 


“777 

{1/ 

FM 
S\N 
SS BSN 


Min 
) I 


| hi 
WEAIG; y HN 


if) 
1 


1 I// 
MY 


SE 


ZA 


EN 
=S 
Ss SSS 
SS 


\\ 


iit} 
Atl 
\\ 


| 
| 


ly, \) K i 
7 = 1) 
AH I \\t Y BG i | 


am 


Yj TTA ANS ea 

THIN \ AOS ZZ NZ 

Is Mey" AN Feel HES 
POUL {I pied ddan yyy’ 


\\ 


A 
Zz 
Zz 
Se | 
| < } Scale 
reat exe tces® x = - tee 
SECTION ON A.B. Scale 3, ee ee ey 
_ wont 
erenenie 
oeemarace = a = = = = _ ere 


Scale of Survey + 
Lad Hoo ror i908 ee Boo 7ee boo Foo Ho 


va 


SHEIKH Saib. UNINSCR’ 


-. Zw 


} ae | 
SF Me ' ass 


GI: = Wile y YD ; 
) L, NORTHERN GROUP 


3 yh , 4 a yj | Ss y) Height 5 6" Z 


Yl De 
Yy = % > 
YES 42. Y, “4 45 y 
UY MA i Ze QLLB-_ Zee X 
, - “@ YAS 
UY , 46: : 
chy 57 ** uw 


Y 


y Yl 


Y i 4, 

Z [P” CZ Y 
G Y 

55 S6 GS Z 60 


pe ne : 
Zw YY | 


y Yt Ez Why H ‘ 

yuck gD YPIPIN AG Z Y, } 

WH LH Va KXiiY> YY j 
nn Ujptl a Li Zz See LG Z Z 

CRA BE yyy, hyp aS Tes Sis ae & 

Z = pe < YG ‘ 

go Z GMA Z 9 — LZ, i Z 

‘I 


| 
| 


. Scale a 


= PLATE Il. 


i Uf YUP 

iN 
‘ 
; ; Height 7 


Y 


a Q Al, Ue ty 


—_ 8 Z Z Height WY ff ant 
= Yas: GY YO te: J : 
Zeiss aio ii yee N oe 
AY, . J Wy 


aS 


~~ 
( facode only) 


io . Remains of 


=e 40 SO FEET. 


S 10 ; METRES. 


OMY 


UPPER RANGE 


Y 


SSSSSSSSON 


A( 


~? 


Rags 
N 
\ 


. y D 

| Gi OMY LM a 

| M6eG Ue Pg = = 
-_— 7 98 Ty 


N 


SOUTHERN GROUP 


NV1d 
“(Ae Prequosa 


ee ‘a'v NO NOILOSS 
Zz 
AY < 
* Sf) 2 - seg 24 
Z 5 Sfeiyey - sug 
Z 
vb \\ 
fi me 
« Ki, s 
| 801 4462} 
\ ; a 
' ‘ 
Y i} 1 
3 : ' 
ee \ i Vidas 
i 5 1 ! fo) 
4 y J ; Mi eS W N 
‘ T//. Hi; 
| | 
Y Z 
Yh NOILOSS IVNIGQNLISNO1 
oti 44o12H 
4 
4 
4 
Pao oe ey 
Qo one He Taek bauee 7 Z Yh 
— 7, 
4 C Shs 
7 s YY, Dt. 
fl / 
F 
gaui3aH 
+ 2 T \ ° 
Y 
1334 
gL oL s + & t pa) 
‘“31Vv0S 
a 
Vp 
‘Vt! ALv1d 


‘| VNYVEN SO SWOL ‘dIVS HAIBHS 


si ae re | eo Vee, 


TOMB C 


SHEIKH SAID. 


WEST WAL 


Seale + 


PLATE IV. 


ARNA I. 


a 


AWS 


2 


Lge ig 
WE 
ZZ 
“A 


SF Z C, Z Zz 
Z Nile, 
ee 


en ae 


. \ 
; \ 
AX 
\ 
s Ne 


Dime 3 UW 
; , WY } \\ AY x x 


caw 
LA Ip 


\\ 
A 


UTH HALF. 


SHEIKH SAID. 


Seale } 


TOMB OF URARNA lI. 


WEST WALL—NORTH HALF. 


PLATE V, 


FIGURE OF MERU 
(from the doorway of his tomb) 


PLATE Vi. 


h 
/ 
‘hee eee 
AeA 
= 
4 
FIGURES ON THE PIERS 


TOMB OF URARNA I. 


a : 
“ eee Ss a ee arras WORT » \ “) 
‘ee ‘s SS a = gQhasssr? |— =e ee sli i ; 
:- NV ee { 


— = Fae 
ae : { ; 

a — mei 
Wel LY . 


~ SHEIKH Saib. es 


Scale * 


SHEIKH SAID. 


Bas - Reliefs. 
NY 


1077 
SY 


NX 


-SECTION LOOKING NORTH-WEST, 


SECTION ON C.D. LOOKING SOUTH-EAST. 


C optic Emblems. Bas - Reliefs : 


104.” 


100-6 
fame ee eee eee 


SECTION ON A.B. LOOKING SOUTH-WEST. 


Uf 


METRES, 


ell 
gett =a Ye 


Uf LL 
exw G_| 


Coptic Fresco 


Painled 


Figure 
2 
4 
A 
9t-.5 = 
a 
*o 
la 
Z 7, 
ftitiiids i 
a °77 
Aa 
paenpien . 
MLN. 
a 
~— 
v 
== I 
o x 
fe © 
1 = 
" x 
3 o 
o 
UY. ti 
Pats = a “” 
Imo: > 48 an 238:°5 . x 
Reliefs. Relief overhead. Se i eee teen Pera 


' 
1 
t 
' 
( 
4 
' 
‘ 
1 
' 
1 


Lae 
c. 
o 
° 
i 
‘8 
Open 1. 
N Court : 
¢ : ate 
4 0 f t ee 
; ~ 
. 
iF ‘ 
1 ‘ 
x ‘ 
‘ 
106” oo 


HitdA 


PLATE VII, 


au 


AID. 


SHEIKH S 


WEST WALL—SHE 


PLaTe VIII. 


Lilian L. Davies, del. 


PLATE [De 


au 
a 
SHEIKH SAip. TOMB OF URARNA I. 


Ls V\ 
an 


ry re Hepa. 


ee 
\ Ed 
MAAN “ 


SOUTH WALL—LEFT HALF. 


Seale 3 


SHEIKH SAID, 


G7 tan SAN TAs igs Sa Ke A 


re ee 


if ite ey Tew. 


7 
SOUTH WA 
i 


cng! : Be My, 
zs Six 
\ ee eae \ ie 


\ / if a ioe a \ 
mys He ener [- 

7] a ive alee “ld 
eo 

| 


TSN pe WW Ree md 
| a Ja » YY \WHY 


YMPLETION. 


PLATE X. 


a 
\ 


a) 
- 


TOMB OF URARNA II. 


CG 
vy + es os 
2 a 


Se) ae 


aie 


‘ ! 
ii 
| 


ll 
2H 


N. WALL—URARNA FOWLING. 


ae b - 
. i ia, dy 
roe 


SHEIKH SAID. 


=~ - : oo <— 
ap] Vane 


= 


IX 9401q mouf panuruoy 


N. WALL—SCENE 


Seale ; 


PEATE Xt. 


a 
WwW 
ja 
EER e ee Ps 
== Tr 7 


a f < 
ees CS 


/ 


le 


| \ 
THE MARSHES. 


= 
vj i & Pe, © ¥ 4 " 7 : iad a > 
7 an rs oe + . t=: if 
‘ e 
, as ' 
‘ ; 
J ¥ 
7 
PF . 
; 
. 
3 
- 
' 
A 
Y 
ae . 
ag 
. 
wv 
a ; 
, 
‘ - 


SHEIKH Saip. TOMB OF URARNA II. PLATE XIII, 


\ oe! 


l : 
| ew. 
Di [ 
i 
f < 
; | 
/\ [ 

i) i 
| ‘ 1 epee 

ih u 


= A 
\@ 
Ns 


_ 
—_— 


TOMB OF URARNA Il. PLATE XIV. 


SHEIKH SAID. 


oa — \ 


G 
tf) 
2 
° 
ee 


RELICS OF COPTIC PAINTINGS. 


PLATE XV. 


a= ROR 


mer <i) 


NN iL 
s Ai iis 


Yy <a 


x: 


ay 7 
ao <COhs 


Zea Oy 
Vinay “ns eee WY 
PURRURRREREUREE SS mW PWW]]}];0d2’0t!#QZ ee 


TOMB OF URARNA Il. 


WEST WALL-—FIGURE OF URARNA. 


l 


SHEIKH SAID. 
Seale 3 


TOMB OF URARNA, 


\ lee a va Ss 
LL Wf ie Wy aN) WP W) Ln 
oo NE [|S coe AY ora = or 


1 Zs SS+= 
A ee ; 
= Ul 
| 
A 
: 


oy ay 
al il Te | i | i i 


es <a iF aN Wt Sy f 
: Re ab = 
2 Se 
| 
vu rey ye \ vi i | 
\ } H} | ve 
i My Py ll 
\ j lee a i i bY Hp il 0M, yah HH ay t 
See gs D4 nh Se “a sn Sa idl i, Mh, I ld 
SS] i P 
a 
ee ees 
nN 


T UD) a 5 
eS Ae uy a A. aes af iil 10; ae 
yy ; oF u a ASS S DS N ya JOE R 
Gn 


na 
a i 


| . 


e 

4 \ par 
mise 
Et Lig 
S32 == 


VO 
ee 


Oa 


H Haws ye oy 


SHEIKH SAID. FRAGMENTS, PLANS OF DWELLINGS, ETc. PLATE XVII. 


Tomb of Meru. 


Sculptures Paintin gs en &. Wall. 


Scale 1% 
24 


4 ; Names ‘ 
2 of Sons 
of 
x Urarna 


\ N.side of doorway of Shrine. S.side 


Seal 
Tomb of Serf-ka (fy Scale) 


L.D.IE. io. 


Tomb of Serfka = Top of E.Wall. 


Fi 


GY, Rock. Height 3°) 


lcd on oe. WK” 
Ly AWW \ ae \ 


Re one =e 
DV. o \\ Gk sua Ste N 5 D 
: ee \ ; 
ne | 4 \ “* N 2 
ay | ¢ o Wixenace . \ 
= Wj 6 Shes P 7, \« NY N S 
ie fhe ps ae 133 Si Plasfered Pavement. “4 \N AD?7Tr SS 
2 (: Se See G \ \\ NN 
hey NES SAP Z, 
2 Saeco J 
s O Jor suni in flsor— 
c= Sue dg ZY Recepfacle in 


ea rE > ; «> 


(ia 
it ot Seas ae Sa oe i 
Beal@- wees oT SEF 


pote 


TY, J 


Low Wall.-blaslred 
Se 


TOMBS ARRANGED AS A DWELLING. BRICK HOUSE OUTSIDE TOMB OF URARNA. 


SHEIKH SAID. TOMB OF MERU. PLATE XVIII. 


WN 


Ys, 
' a } 
| Urcleaved Sand ye LZ 
LONGITUDINAL SECTION 
ZZ 
Zi 
y 
a SMA Sof Zia zd mY 
ge A y 
Z 
ie 
SCALE. ey — ' 
! 
OMe gees 4.5 40 15 “SS EF 
—_—— eee FEET ~—l 
° 1 2 3 5 


4 
eee «= METRES 


Z 
Z 7. 
Ye A. YUL SCPOO ZZ, 
Yj J 
PLAN 
y MN. <——_}____ 
7 Well — 
party filled 
YW V1 THULE 
Y jb U4) 
i BY 
Z 
Well. 
Ipeciremis cay tia: at 
' ' 
b 1 
I 
: P u d Vault ! 
U dergroun 
; 
False Door. : 
DTA, D Ve 


The exterior is covered with rubbish 
to a deplb of Sort’. 


etl ed = _ ™ a La Looe 


ett i eS a a eae ae aaa — a a 


PT AGI SHEE E gic ii /5 


— Slo USN MALE: 


OUTER CHAI 


=i ES e-ctt: 


Cor 


aims a= TaN 


mht iit 
rN 


LAGE NTE Sai Rais AA 


ASENT SAAT 


e@ 
oes a 
nN 


mele 


= 
ehd 
pa 
Sa 
<z__ 
& 
== 
Ba 
= 
—ae 


2 0 — SEE SET A ——————— Se 


Sa OO | | Paral Sail 3 ree eG 


N? | Nv) 
Nag e 


1 
Oe ae (fe (LLL TAA LP SPELL A, AKI PILZ |] “Kn ae “a5 i ALMA HELLS Lo Cz cag EEE ATLL if 
AW a Tr wie | AL =a SE i 
UN S VAI Ll Ls A 


VM. 


SHEIKH Saip. 


Seale 3 


PLATE XIX. 


INN 


K« 


OLSILATIPIDIG AISLE LTE 


= 


Ey 


JW TEE TI TEI 


AAT 


il 


Tl 


| 


| 


H a . AUER 


PLAN OF DOOR 


WALL. 


% 


SHEIKH SAID. 


Seale 4 


at al 


VWiEGEE. - G.. CAR EBL VG ae a0) 2 to 
Yh SY; e ‘WY oy i itt mie ‘4 Hs ie @ ye am Si | Yio \ f : > 
the 6 om pm, gE (eM, anita} A? rF' : 3) 1 et oe 9 
man, ee! a ieee Wey: : lara Pavan ans ‘ee mei kh 4 ‘7 
Abe be oe Oe rae | Be Or ree va 4- joes 
Ree ee a et wow 2) 

! ! 

! 


Te 1 iii 
MF on Abie LE 2 nse 
ital a Ei aan 


“FAS 


E NCATE Oo 


= 


) ere 1 ») 00mm 


oll : 


RAE 
qf etm: 


dD 
ay 


- 
La ZZ 


: As ee . 
ns SHEN FR [een 2 7 7 eR a 5 Se 
= Yl, 


Y%| Nerict y% “a : 
Ls ry ns 


ay “a f\ ie \ Ved 


OUTER oo 


Le 
erates YS > ea 


AERU. PLATE XX. 


ae 


% on 
Y + ee 


~ 


Pe 
(WX: 
oa 
eas 


ae 
WA Ue (7 


=a we 
a een nat ae 


{ 


rs pa 
| te 
esd sed 


eae SE Ae) | eee) eee SS i 
ee pee ee! | eee = SSeS aes 
= = st bt 


SSO \ os - 
VLLLLLITILLILLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL TLL. =~ 


\\ L)\ TRAE RY 
i" Pye ENT hat 


4 


a - ie] 7 Pr : a 
i 2 nia eliet aie 


~ ) 


fr 


SHEIKH SAID. 


SS, — => Gj. oe 
eats 2s 


== Swe 


fa ge 


ean SANS 


AGE 3 i So TAS 


=i in ms 


re AP 


OUTER CHAME 


LOF4 47, 


Seale 3 


OUTER CHA 


PLATE XXI. 


=e 
ae) 
a 


Sei Net 


ou 
\ fo 


all 


mS 3 


= “Ie 


ye 


Od 
) 0, 
0 OF RAY 
=] 
; al 
re g I 
we “| 


fo 


PHS 
SEE 


z Se ee WSS =~ — 


SS BESS 
|g ASECVBEN sl GK — EX g 


Se. = ni 


® — Se = = 
{= 
H ee : 
(= =I Ba ia pr yy tale etllbenret: att yt es bas 5 2 
62° So eS aaa cy 2 
a AP g 
ars u eee 
me See 
2 
jes 


Inner 


ee = 


A) OE 
Shana fa “NX 


ee 


AU—-EAST WALL. . 


“) a an 


SHEIKH SAID. 


Y YZ 
y, 
0 \ 
my 
© 
b 
YZ 
WUUMTIEL4G 
LONGITUDINAL Wn L Lt G TOMB OF HENENT 
SECTION G 
Vi, 


Yy Her ght” +8 a 


Ye 
Ht 
y pes 


YUL, je 
[LL ¥ 
its: ete, ; 
/ Height 86” Y, 
/ Yj, 
} / 
7] 
y <a" 
TOMB OF UAU. ae TH es 
PLAN MM). y YW 
lle? 
Y 
y Lp 
Ae | 
Wy L zoo" ‘ 
| MLE 
L 
Up Heighl 103. 


fall 542” i Y 


» 


D HENENT. PLATE XXII. 


2 
Ss 
WW 


ELEVATION 


Weil — 
Vault reached 


<j Bottem not 
7 oe 


84” below floor 


MAMA OUuo8w8 


y, 
4 ' : 
g M,N. ‘ Pit. (full). 
Z 3 
G pe le LAatter & GY 
Ww Ses False Door - 4 
y = 
7 DY % 
t Y 
ypluss 
Mle 


Se Sie ; a 


SCALE. 


15 
5 Le FEET 


+ 
= = METRES 


TOMB OF UAU. PLATE XXIll. 


SHEIKH SAID. 


F3AWS___ 
eon 


bon 


: 


<wN 
Wty 
‘io—- SS 
SBA 


|) tent NEiaxtl x 
f 


LAW aA 


(Lam F 


Ny 2” 


Sa ols 


A4°2iif 
Nae 
SAAR 


a 


8 
rete 


= 
F— 
= 


am 
cele: 


ee |r 


RQQy 
wed SOK 
x 


: 
Wey 
‘. 


yes Oe peiegl VAIN S 
od ss ! gq Seg We ee eee ee ee 


a a Ae . SEN IL\ = 
Face \ ! : : ey a Ky 004 | RAS 
al ae Jove es . 


WEST WALL-—FALSE DOOR. 


lS 

— 
S 

ot 


SHEIKH SAID. TOMB OF UAU. 


PLATE XXIV. 
er fi . Sarees jo ’ i ee Sia 
Bk eo. Mp GN HG DS ee bak 
i: es fF doorway b 

2 c 

= £\ oe) i aaa 0, SS \ 3 

iat ~Ywzw ae Sualp Zee ea wl SS Cc ] <i s 
é a 
“aM, cate ae % f 1/4 aa At ey 9 Fi\« oe, 
xz as MAC IDA > 
Mee CS a. Se ee 
x x eA i Nias : : 
/ = 7 cee : 
os rl Saks 4 eS ee ee 
—— Re J i ok 7 Ne ‘ 5 ed 
ee are 


, 
ialpbendee! eM lg | Hadas 

ie EN \( Zz ~, | | || Sie 
i ih \ Pete es 4 
me 

Ir pie 

ee : 
\ \ 


aN Ko 
Pe Sie TX. - 
! / =< \ ; 
| ! Oe 
ey 
’ i 2 ‘ir 
jens \ | | a6 Se 
| ’ SS { « : Dei 
os \ 4 


Seale 4 FRAGMENTS. c 


x x SSS SSO WSN SS S 
\ 
‘ z 
SS 0 
\ ; 
EF —— siiasiss mia eiaacseeae sna 
rs ; 
a ——-- ——- 2 
|| & cake eae 
‘ 4 Heeeime xsl eam aE 
jaa) : 
F < SS : 
| ¢e es 
DI: SRE N ul 
3 é St ie == io ee NS < 
=) INS Pao erent LESS 7 ; 
| il SSS SSD Vi N=» i ‘CW ' 
ia 
fe) a E 
: $ 
: “ 


sz 


IAXX 34iv1d 


‘LINVA TVIYNE—-SONIYNSSSO JO LSIT 


$ 


ty 


mae 
oe 


‘INSNSH SO EWOL ‘aIVS HMISHS 


6 n - 
; +. + os 
¥ ie va - oa (4 im 
i ah Cm; ; 
' ay. lair 
« 
’ 
‘ 
> 
) 
’ 
: 
' 
' 
- 

) 
| 

~* 
) 
J 


TOMBS OF IMHETEP AND HEPA. PLATE XXVII. 


SHEIKH SAID. 


. 

(i 
a 
. 


PLAN 


TOMB OF HEPA 


ELEVATION 


TOMB OF IMHETEP 


Y q 
Li Z G rigure 
Restoralion 2 4 
Inscription. 
Y. PLAN 
Height 85 
Yu 
a Ngo j ae 
' Vault 17 below. | 
MN. deel ak ae! G4 
¥ HY 
Z 
G Tomb NG I6. 
| 
wy 77, 
Yp 4 hs 
——s 


SCALE. 


10 


+ 
oe ET 


SHEIKH SAID. TOMB OF IMHETEP. PLATE XXVIII. 


| 


STA LIL | Y; 
BAWIADAL NEE EES | 


JY 


Vj 
\ 


Ws, 
KY, UY 


YYrr 


rv HMI TLS1 


ne 


ty 
Na 
sss 


ia}! “ith | 75 | | Sxl atn-||| AOA] SO | | 
i Wi \ iy ST TB | Ar| = fh ll 
| WH Ns % Z ean 
| . | ge | Ah] Vb ee] 

| oe ae | Hy) eit 
nie WA e2l=ShI 
bE] | fam | M2 IT 
£. was Monn ‘> | 
i | =10)\|| £8) 21)| 
| nls] ae|| | 
| i : 4 
im ; 
| ji 
ii a 


“ SECTION 
eale } FALSE DOOR, W. WALL. 


7 
: 
J 


SHEIKH SAID. TOMB OF IMHETEP. PLATE XXIX. 


TBO Sel = Teh SAWS TE Dabs 1 


Gane E 
MOQ ae c ‘ (\ Sha ieie 
Bes! 


Jaci NN os 
tall 


Pel? SUE ae 


yt , a : \i— 
SNe 


CCl esate 
‘ ff oe, eee 


0 eee : 
a aes! ee 
: ee | metas ais PSs} 

is 2 és eis 

| 


| : Ze 
Wi : | Beek. 
\ rie ; =) 
ANAL LS 


ah 


WEST WALL-—SOUTH HALF. 
Seale % 


ebariidea JO: dOO0- AS tas 2 ee ee  Soeamae eta 


<j 


MMe 


he 


ae 
— 


=~ 


TEE 4 


4 <> 
= 
eee! 
Ui 


Jc | ~ 


SS 
==y | 


FVM 


bs i > »* 4 : ‘ 
i +4 “vir « i F : 4 
rz bd Lb Je ie Se r ae a, 
‘ : 1S. oe ee had Py ae yt ts 
-f " ae, + tae 
: 5 
+ a 
» : , 
: 
> ra 
’ 
- 
: . 
' 
, 
s 
. 


PLATE XXXII. 


TOMB OF HEPA. 


SHEIKH SAID. 


2, | 


ne 
See ae / 
eu % 


pe i 
CIN aS 


pol va 


E. WALL. 


am 
atv: Pas (é 


W. WALL-—N. HALF. 


W. WALL-—S. HALF. 


“e 


meets i hy ens 
af i bl x : 
dx 
| 
4 
e 
> 
\ 

A 
‘ 


ee 


* att 4b! 


RWW 


yng boipwnis 


Is YP 


of 


84 14618H 


4 UOl|>2aS © 


"WXXX SaLWId 


 aopsdleoe4l 


‘9 ‘ON BWOL 


GO) 219)9FH. 


” 
Y 
Y) 


( 


99 44012 


(AI 


Ss 


. in yqo19y 


V4, 


we? _14bH 


No aqgv5v4) vl ‘ON GWOL 


bs Uolonal 4 


a — = 


‘pL aNv 9 ‘€ SAGWOL 


*4009)'4 a Sujoue)) ; 


(s00f 043 07 ‘ur $) ¥ apnag 


| \ WY Ss. =? NN 
é 4ooqy P Suiwulyy WS 


* pay 
e 4 {ipod 


ADLY pue Jooq andy 
aaa graye | ~ 


X 


3 e———————————— 
+ 4 t 1 ie} 


NV Z 
y 
y v 
Y 
(sided aay kq ; 
basjemp © oyu pajsenuco ) GY 1S3M-HLYON DNINOO7 NOILO3S 
y 
“bo éN CEE Ye Li wu 
cme 
“ Ui 


Ue Gy; . 
Y 


“iit 
yl 
a ys 
Y 
; Ne SO sags ar as Oa <r eee Ly 


NOILVA]313 


ISSM-HLNOS ONIMOOT NOILOSS 


4 
Y Z u 4 Ltt 0: 
(eee 

yy 

| Z 
C7 
CG a Aa 
‘dlivS HMISHS 


‘*6E ON GEWOL 


WIXXX SLv1d 


TOMB 


SHEIKH SAID. 


Uf 


Tie 


LONGITUDINAL SECTION 


S 


Y, 


% 


11“ deeb. 


Nees 


Remains 


of Column, 


—f 
' ' 
i ‘ 
1 ' 
; 1 
i 1 
q ' 
' 1 
‘ 1 
Wee ene es 1 
os, “A 
f x eee al 
1 r I J 
1 
\ } aid 
Ht a 
' ye his 
¢. a a t 
' re ’ 1 
152 s 
f--- cH a 
1 t 
' ' 
i] 
‘ 1 
1 1 
‘ 1 
- \ 
| ' 
' ' 
eee ere -- sl 
< 7 
ts “\ 
. 
! we yt 
1 } 1 f 
' 1 ' 1 
' 1 
i H ina 
' 
1 
; Lana ES 
, i) 
ta My 
? Le t 
ul \ 
w--------- ry 
i 
i] 
\ ' 
1 
| 1 
t ' 
1 ' 
t ' 
1 i} 
I ' 
Poo aoe sa 
Ine vl 
1 ‘ 
( Sele Tae ia ! 
‘ t i) I 
\ 1 l 
| ik ! t 
| Lh, al i 
1 BG x 1 
nie si 
Wa ee ee == - 4 
\ 1 
1 i) 
1 | 
1 ! 
' ! 
1 { 
1 I 
Rovers ns m 
\ ae) 
iy Kabiee ' 
' 
ae yal 
' ; < | 
' ! 

n yo 
| died SN fh 
i ook ‘ 

‘ net 
Kien om owes a 


WO 


MN, 


PLAN 


Niche . 


37. 
Well-Tomb Ne 37¢. 
/ 
he | Well -Tomb N2 37%. 
4 Zz Z GC 
mic ee 
Tomb Ne 38. 

¢ | Pe 

at ¢ 


Debris 


cv 
i, 


INSVERSE SECTION 


Mud-brick débris. 


MWY 


D ° i - 
escend ng gallery 3e” bigh ; 


Well - 
. Tomb NB 37: 


SCALE. 
19 15 fees 


-—_—________—_——j_ FEET \ ‘ 
iy 
2 + 1 
pee __ 3 ____) METRES 


PLATE XXXIV. 


ey sae 


= § 
rh | 


et. 


ip oe 


Form 335—40M—6-40 


: 
: 
, 
; 
? 
’ 


448914 


ua re] 4 
. pp ; 
| eo . 
S ‘ | ad 7 
‘ 5 ; . (o>) | 
} 
| - ’ 
r <q 
mh H 
} oO 
; ~ 


aS. 
‘awe 


DPiv.s. 


Ta eer. : ea 
4 4. 


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